2010) The community

2010). The community dominance of Fagaceae is a common phenomenon throughout Malesia. The species density and evolutionary centres of the tropical genera Castanopsis and Lithocarpus are situated in Western Malesia (Manos and Stanford 2001; Cannon and Manos 2003), with highest numbers of species and endemism in Borneo (Soepadmo 1972). Forest surveys at mid-montane elevations over quaternary and sedimentary substrates on Mt Kinabalu,

Borneo, showed that the Fagaceae p38 inhibitors clinical trials were represented with 9 and 20 species, respectively, including the genera Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus and Trigonobalanus (Aiba et al. 2002; plots 17Q, 17S). In mid-montane forests on Mt Pangrango, Java, the Fagaceae occurred with fewer species, but were also a common component (Yamada 1977). Within-family species richness rapidly declines east of Wallace’s line, but the relatively few species may dominate tree communities in Sulawesi as well as in New Guinea. In New Guinea, a single species, Castanopsis acuminatissima, locally forms pure stands in lower to mid-montane elevations (Soepadmo 1972; Johns

et al. 2007). The Podocarpaceae are important components of tropical and southern hemisphere moist forests, with their species density centre in Southeast Asia and Australasia, but extending also into the tropical American and African highlands (de Laubenfels 1988). While many species have a broad elevational range (de Laubenfels 1988; Keßler et al. 2002), the family is particularly well represented and may gain Fludarabine supplier community dominance in upper montane mossy forests (Culmsee et al. 2010) and on ultramafic soils (Aiba et al. 2002; Proctor 2003). The community dominance of the conifer families in the upper montane forests in Sulawesi reflects the situation observed in other high mountains of Malesia, especially in Borneo and New Guinea (Grubb and Stevens these 1985; Aiba and Kitayama 1999; Johns et al. 2007). Compared to upper montane forests at Mt Kerigomna and 20 other high mountains in New Guinea (Grubb and Stevens 1985), the upper montane forest in Sulawesi shows high similarity not only in the high abundance of Podocarpaceae, but also in the frequent occurrence of several high mountain tree

taxa, such as Daphniphyllum gracile (Daphniphyllaceae), micro- and nanophyllic species of Rapanea (Myrsinaceae), Drimys piperita (Winteraceae), and the Australasian elements Quintinia sp. and Sphenostemon papuanum (Paracryphiaceae). The phytogeography of high mountain forests of Sulawesi in the Malesian context A survey of plant species diversity and endemism across five major Malesian islands has indicated that vascular plant diversity and the rate of plant species endemism (12%) in Sulawesi were relatively low and did not reflect the long-term isolation of the Thiazovivin ic50 island (Roos et al. 2004). Considering the relatively small regional data set of 71 species identified to valid species names in the present study, the rate of 20% endemics is substantially higher. Cannon et al.

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