On day 70 after inoculation, tumor tissues were harvested from euthanized mice and subjected to immu noblot analysis of Vav3, H E staining and immunohisto chemical staining of Vav3, Ki 67, pAR, and a commercially available cell death marker, M30 CytoDeath. Treatment with si Vav3 effectively downregulated Vav3 e pression Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries compared with its e pression level in control and si Scr treated tumors, illustrating the effectiveness of intra tumoral injection. Histological evaluation revealed that doceta el alone or si Vav3 plus doceta el caused necrosis in some areas of enograft tumors. Significant downregulation of Vav3 staining was observed in tumors from mice treated with si Vav3 alone or in combination with doceta el but not in tumors from mice treated with doceta el alone.

Repre sentative immunohistochemical staining Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of Ki 67, pAR, and M30 CytoDeath is shown in Figure 5D, and the immu nohistochemical findings are summarized in Figure 5E. The mean percentage AV-951 of Ki 67 positive tumor cells in si Vav3 or doceta el treated tumors was significantly de creased compared with that in control tumors, and an even more significant reduction was observed in tumors Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries treated with si Vav3 plus doceta el. A significant decrease in the number of pAR positive cells was observed in tumors treated with si Vav3 alone or in combination with doceta el compared with the number of pAR positive cells in control tumors but not in tu mors treated with doceta el alone. The average apoptotic inde for the control tumors was 0. 4 0. 1% compared with 8 5% and 24 8% in tumors from mice treated with si Vav3 and doceta el, respectively.

Tumors from mice treated with the combin ation of si Vav3 and doceta el e hibited the highest apop totic inde , which was Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries significantly greater than that in control tumors. Compared with the re sults obtained in tumors from mice treated with doceta el alone, the Ki 67 labeling and apoptotic indices and the number of pAR positive cells were all statistically significant in tumors treated with the combination of si Vav3 and doceta el. Discussion Doceta el is a microtubule targeting drug currently used as a standard first line chemotherapeutic agent for the management of HRPC that has contributed to improved survival and quality of life in patients with advanced prostate cancer. however, its effectiveness is limited by intolerance and the development of doceta el refractory prostate cancer.

It is therefore reasonable to e pect further improvements in treatment outcomes when doceta el is combined with other therapeutic modalities active against prostate cancer. Because the Vav3 onco gene is overe pressed in androgen independent prostate cancer, in which it regulates cell growth, verifying whether Vav3 is a signaling molecule appears beneficial for establishing a new therapeutic target for treating HRPC in combination with doceta el.