At. 1-year follow-up, BT and CT produced equivalent results and were superior to the two other conditions, but this needs more investigation. Virtual reality was introduced as a tool to expose height and flying phobias

with positive results in a controlled study of low statistical power.126 To summarize, despite a scarce literature, in vivo exposure seems the treatment of choice for simple phobia,127 while pharmacology has not been demonstrated to have positive effects.128 Conclusion This review shows that CBT has been proven to be effective in all the DSM-IV categories of anxiety disorders, in numerous RCT and several meta-analyses. Other forms of psychoSelleck BIO GSK 3 therapy Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical either have Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical not been tested, or generally have lesser effects than CBT in RCTs. Surgical approaches proposed for OCD and ereuthophobia are of limited value and may have detrimental side effects, without mentioning their lack of scientific evidence. However, some words of caution may temperate this positive picture of CBT for anxiety disorders. The cost-containment issues led the procedures to become increasingly simplified. Some attempts have been made to turn many techniques into self-help procedures, or computer-assisted therapy, or therapy administered

by nurses, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical social workers, counselors, priests, or lay people, using treatment manuals. However, manualized therapies have limitations, especially when the therapists are facing patients with multiple DSM Axis I and Axis II problems. Those patients represent at, least 50% of the referrals in anxiety disorder units. There is obviously a limit,

to simplification: computer-administered treatment appeared Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical less effective than therapist-administered treatment in OCD.129 There are no conflicting issues between biological and psychological Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical theoretical explanations. In practice, the combination of CBT with antidepressants has been shown to be effective in panic disorder and OCD. However, theories and practice may be in competition. Adenylyl cyclase CBT, due to the limited number of practitioners, even in developed countries, can be difficult to find. One of the reasons for this limited accessibility rests on the reduced CBT training opportunities in the faculties of medicine and psychology in many countries. Medication is easier to administer, hence it tends to be the first, line of intervention, despite the demonstrated efficacy and long-term effectiveness of CBT, and the fact that after stopping medication most, of the patients relapse while the outcomes of CBT are stable. In the long-term, CBT costs less than medication, as it, prevents relapses from occurring, as shown by cost-effectiveness surveys.130 Another stumbling block is the gap between basic research and practice. CBT practice is far ahead of theoretical explanations.