133,134 Modafinil is a novel stimulant with an uncertain mechanism of action that may increase dopamine signaling.136 For newly diagnosed narcoleptics, modafinil may represent a reasonable initial choice because of its long duration of action, low frequency and severity of side effects, and low potential for dependence or tolerance. However, patients should be cautioned about drug interference with other medications, such as oral contraceptives. There are no well-controlled studies of pregnant women using stimulants. The benefits

for the patient have to be weighed against the potential risks for the fetus. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Mitlcr and colleagues recommend dosage reduction or discontinuation of stimulants during attempts at conception and during pregnancy.133 REM -suppressant drugs are utilized in the treatment of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Drugs that block norepinephrine reuptake, such as the tricyclic antidepressants, protriptyline, clomipramine, and imipramine, have been effective, but are frequently associated with tolerance and anticholinergic side effects. Tricyclics should not be discontinued abruptly because Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the risk of severe aggravation of cataplexy, including status cataplecticus.136 SSRIs such as fluoxetine, paroxetine, and citalopram are also

effective. Vcnlafaxine, a norepinephrine/serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is highly effective and well tolerated. γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB),a short-acting putative neurotransmitter that acts as a hypnotic, reduces cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and subjective sleepiness. Three to nine grams of GHB Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is administered in bed with half of the dose at bedtime and the remainder

2.5 to 3 h later. Nausea, dizziness, and incontinence have been reported with high doses. Due to the risk of precipitating confusional arousals and even coma, doses >9 g should never be prescribed. Triazolam may be useful in treating insomnia in narcoleptics Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by increasing total sleep time and sleep efficiency without affecting alertness the following day.137 Nonpharmacological therapy includes regular sleep and wake times, short scheduled naps, prevention of sleep deprivation, avoidance of shift work, and working in a stimulating environment. Narcoleptic patients need to be cautioned about driving risks when undertreated. Idiopathic however hypersomnia Idiopathic hypersomnia is a clinically heterogeneous disorder of chronic sleepiness without cataplexy that has a prevalence of 2 to 5/100 000.138,139 Symptoms present between ages 15 to 30 years and include variable daytime drowsiness (nonimperative versus irresistible), naps that range from short and refreshing to long and unrefreshing, prolonged nighttime sleep >12 h or restless sleep with frequent arousals, sleep “drunkenness,” and automatic behavior associated with blank stares and microsleep Selleckchem Dabrafenib episodes.4,138,139 Three subgroups of patients are recognized.