Some of the studies have also reported about the allergic effects of Echinacea. Echinacea should not be taken by persons with progressive systemic and autoimmune disorders, connective tissue disorders, or related diseases. It should not be used with immunosuppressants or hepatotoxic drugs, and has the potential to interfere with anesthesia. 7. CAM for theManagement of H1N1: TheWay Regorafenib Ahead From the foregoing account it is apparent that several medicinal plants have the potential to be used effectively for the management of H1N1. These medicinal herbs mainly act via two basic approaches against H1N1 infection, namely, enhancement of overall immunity of the individual or by acting against the virus by preventing viral replication or by inhibiting viral signal transduction.
Table 1 enumerates the various medicinal herbs from all over the globe that have been found to be potent Epothilone B against the virus, while Figure 6 aptly depicts that genetic modifications have led to the evolution of the deadly H1N1 virus and discusses the mechanistic aspects vis a vis isolated phytomolecules. The herbs that boost the overall immunity of the body by stimulating specific or nonspecific entities of the immune system, thereby improving the individual,s ability to tackle infections, have been listed in Table 2. Antiviral agents have been isolated from plants as a result of a recent resurgence of chemical and pharmacological studies. These agents include a variety of polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, glucosides, and alkaloids. Such isolated compounds may prove to be highly beneficial in controlling the mortality/morbidity rate resulting due to H1N1 swine flu since they target various pathways and act at multifarious levels.
The mechanisms by which some of the potent bioactive compounds act have been elucidated to some extent. For example kaempferol, isolated from Emblica officinalis, acts via solubilisation of viral outer lipoprotein, azadirachtin, isolated from Azadirachta indica, hinders the viral transduction, glycyrrhizic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra and ginkgolides from Ginkgo biloba increase virus specific antibodies in the infected individual. Zingerone and gingerols from Zingiber officinalis prevent viral replication and also intervene in the process of virushost fusion. The need of the hour is not only to isolate and characterize compounds from the various medicinal plants but to utilize medium, high and ultrahigh throughput methods of screening,molecular profiling, which will involve genomic and proteomic approaches and nanotechnologybased antiviral drug development.
It is anticipated that rapid advances in the field of bioinformatics would lead in the future to improvisation of antiviral effectiveness of phytocompounds, via virtual antiviral screening of phytocompounds, for effective management of H1N1 flu. Figure 7 summarizes some of the medicinal plants. 8. Conclusion Pandemic influenza has posed a global threat, though currently the situation is fairly under control. However, the society remains insufficiently equipped to handle the outbreak from resistant strains if they were to occur despite many years of advance warning and preparation to handle such casualties. Mainstream medicine currently does not have a vaccine.