From these observations, they concluded that the cloned lipase was lipase/phospholipase A1. We purified the lipase and identified that it possesses the ability to degrade tributyrin and to cleave pNp-fatty acyl esters. Because our purified lipase resembled lipase/phospholipase A1, which had been reported by Merino et al. (11), we considered that it is lipase/phospholipase A1 of A. sobria. We measured the phospholipase A1 activity of our sample using an EnzCheck phospholipase A1 assay kit (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA, USA), and found that the purified lipase has significant activity (data not shown). Thus, this website we confirmed that this lipase possesses phospholipase A1 activity. Subsequently we tried

to detect the ability of purified lipase to hydrolyze PC to LPC or LPC to GPC. We measured check details the activity by the hydroxamate method using commercially available egg-yolk lecithin as a substrate (29). In this method, the amount of fatty acid ester residues of the phospholipids is measured. Contrary

to our expectation, the purified lipase did not hydrolyze the substrate (egg-yolk lecithin) under the conditions used (data not shown). We postulate that the lipase did not hydrolyze the egg-yolk lecithin because the sensitivity of the lipase to egg-yolk lecithin is very low. Actually, the lipase does hydrolyze pNp-fatty acyl esters, however, its RNA Synthesis inhibitor efficacy in cleaving esters containing long-chain fatty acids is low (Fig. 4). It is possible that the lipase hydrolyzes lipids containing short-chain fatty acids, such as the substrate in the assay kit, but has low activity when it comes to hydrolyzing lipids containing long-chain fatty acids. Further studies on the reactions of the lipase with various substrates are needed to clarify its characteristics. It has been reported that the hemolytic, cytotoxic, and enterotoxic activities of A. hydrophila AH-3 are not reduced by destruction of the gene for lipase/phospholipase A1, suggesting that it is not involved in these pathogenic activities (11).

We also examined the purified lipase for cytotoxic effects on cultured cells (HeLa cells) and found that it had none (data not shown), supporting that the lipase is not involved in A. sobria’s cytotoxicity under the conditions used. Generally, phospholipase A produced by bacteria does not show severe cytotoxicity. However, in the presence of phospholipids, some lipase/phospholipase A1s such as the phospholipase A of Serratia marcescens show cytotoxicity (30). It has been considered that the lysophospholipids produced by these lipases affect cell membranes, resulting in cell lysis. Therefore, the lipase might show cytotoxic effects in the presence of phospholipids. That is, lipase produced in vivo might immediately react with phospholipids in the milieu of the bacteria and produce lysophospholipids.