2A). In patients with BPH, the percentage of CD3+CD56−P+ cells was significantly lower than that in the control group and patients with PCa (P < 0.01; Fig. 2A). This appears to be the result of lower P expression in CD3+CD4+CD56− (Fig. 2B) rather than in CD3+CD8+CD56− cells (Fig. 2C). In peripheral blood, the percentage of CD3+CD56+P+ cells was higher in PCa patients than in the control group and in patients with BPH (P < 0.01; Fig. 2D). The percentage of peripheral blood CD3−CD56+P+ cells

was statistically higher in patients with PCa than in control group because of the higher NVP-LDE225 in vivo frequency of CD3−CD56dim+P+ but not CD3−CD56bright+P+ subsets (Fig. 3A–C). In the prostate tissue, the percentage of P+ cells in all T lymphocytes

and NKT cells was lower in PCa than in BPH samples (Fig. 2E–H). Similarly, P expression in NK cells of prostrate tissue was also lower in patients with PCa than in patients with BPH (Fig. 3D). The observed lower frequency of CD3−CD56+P+ cells was probably due to the diminished P expression in CD3−CD56dim+ rather than Roxadustat research buy CD3−CD56bright+ subsets in the PCa tissue (Fig. 3E–F). Consistent results were obtained for P and MFI values, indicating that these TILs have a low cytotoxic potential (Fig. 4, upper and lower rows). Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed on paraffin-embedded sections to validate the results obtained using flow cytometry selleck and to establish the tissue distribution of different lymphocyte subpopulations. In the control prostate tissue, CD3+ cells were found predominantly in the epithelium

and sparsely distributed in the stroma. All CD3+ cells were also P+, as indicated by their colocalization (Fig. 5, control group). As P is used as a functional marker of cell activation, our results indicate that activated CD3+ cells are normally present in the prostate tissue. However, a population of cells that were P+ but CD3−, probably NK cells, were also observed. Indeed, almost all CD56+ NK cells were P+ (Fig. 6, control group). CD56+ cells infiltrated the stroma of the prostate, but were not part of the epithelial TIL population. In BPH, the stroma was enlarged and infiltrated with an increased number of CD56+ cells (Fig. 6, BPH), whereas the very low number of CD3+ cells was found only in epithelium (Fig. 5, BPH). However, it is possible that because of signal dispersion, the intensity of the fluorescence for CD3+ cells was inadequate to be detected by the immunofluorescence assay. Secretion of P was reduced in BPH, and P+ granules were present, not in the stroma, but only in the epithelium of the gland where they partially colocalized with CD3+ cells (Fig. 5, BPH). These results indicate that the majority of T lymphocytes present within the tumour islet are activated, while NK cells are completely inactivated. In PCa, neither P+ granules nor CD3+ cells were observed in the tissue (Fig. 5, PCa).