The recommended areas mentioned above are estimates of the sand pits total area, including parts with vegetation

selleck chemicals llc cover. However, the area of a sand pit could also be estimated by only including the area of bare ground, as used in this study because it made a slightly better predictor of species number. This indicates the importance of this feature for sand-dwelling beetles. On the contrary, the area of bare ground might not be adequate to predict species richness of other species groups because they require other features besides the bare ground of sand or gravel. For example, the many aculeate wasps that use bare sand to dig nests also require a nearby nectar resource (Bergsten 2007; Sörensson 2006) and a diverse flora is more likely to support specific host plants required

for many butterflies (Frycklund 2003). To conclude, even though area of bare ground has been shown to give the best predictions for beetles, we believe total area of sand pits overall is best to consider for conservation of sand pit habitats. This is because it gives a good prediction for beetle species number, it is easy to measure (even from aerial photos) and it includes the vegetation feature impotent to several other species groups. In the Swedish sand mining industry the trend is to work fewer but larger sand pits (953 licensed pits in 2008) And the overall extraction of sand and gravel from natural deposits is decreasing, from 29.3 Mt in 1998 to 18.8 Mt in 2008 (Anon. 2009). The check details goal set by the government is to further decrease the extraction and meet demands for sand material with crushed bedrock from stone quarries. With find more decreasing extraction, more sand pits will be abandoned in the near future. Instead of following up sand pit abandonment with costly restoration, which inevitably destroys the sand habitat, the opportunity should be taken to preserve these valuable open sand habitats. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful

to Gunnar Sjödin for identifying the non-carabid beetles and to Håkan Ljungberg who helped identifying some critical carabids. The authors also thank Erik Sjödin, who helped us with damaged traps in the field, and to the County Administration of Uppsala, who provided data on potential field sites. The authors also acknowledge the help of Riccardo Bommarco, Ann Kristin Eriksson and two anonymous reviewers for comments and discussions on earlier versions of this manuscript. Financial support was provided by FORMAS (to MJ), the Department of Ecology, SLU and the Entomological Society in Uppland. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which AZD8186 permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. Appendix See Table 4.