, 2008), whereas cell wall hydrolase from GG strain has been suggested an important factor for GIT homeostasis, being involved

in maintenance of the mucosal barrier (Seth et al., 2008) and, recently, in the attenuation of inflammatory processes (Yan et al., 2011). In conclusion, bacteria present in food and probiotic products change their extracellular protein profiles when grown in media simulating the conditions of the large intestine. Thus, genes and proteins only expressed under intestinal stimuli can pass unnoticed in laboratory experimental conditions. Further experimentation is ongoing in our laboratory to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of those two proteins. BS was the recipient of a Juan de la Cierva

PFT�� postdoctoral contract from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. LR was the recipient of an I3P predoctoral grant from CSIC. Research in our group is supported by Grants AGL2007-61805 and RM2010-00012-00-00 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. “
“There is a significant body of work suggesting that sRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation is a conserved mechanism among pathogenic bacteria to modulate bacterial virulence and survival. Porphyromonas gingivalis is recognized as an etiological agent of periodontitis and implicated in contributing to the development of multiple inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease. Using NimbleGen microarray analysis and a strand-specific method to sequence cDNA libraries of small RNA-enriched P. CDK phosphorylation gingivalis

transcripts using Illumina’s high-throughput sequencing technology, we identified putative sRNA and generated sRNA expression profiles in response to growth phase, hemin availability after hemin starvation, or both. We identified transcripts that mapped to intergenic sequences as well as antisense transcripts that mapped to open reading frames of the annotated genome. Overall, this approach provided a comprehensive way to survey transcriptional activity to discover functionally linked RNA transcripts, responding to specific environmental cues, that merit further investigation. “
“Vibrio parahaemolyticus Tolmetin is an important cause of gastroenteritis resulting from the consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish. The V. parahaemolyticus genome revealed the presence of two type III secretion systems (T3SS); one on each of the two chromosomes. To date, four effectors have been identified as secreted by the chromosome 1 T3SS (T3SS1). For some effectors, efficient secretion requires a cytosolic chaperone that is often encoded in close proximity to its cognate effector. In this study, we identified VPA0451 as the specific chaperone for the T3SS1 effector, VPA0450. VPA0451 is structurally similar to known T3SS chaperones. It is required for efficient VPA0450 secretion while not affecting the secretion of other T3SS1 effectors, suggesting it is a class 1A single cargo chaperone.