7% of the variance. For the DAT1, no significant main effect was observed but at least a trend. Both effects like hypothesized, reduced Sadness in Met-carriers as well as in 10R-carriers.

As postulated, the accumulation of both resilience factors for depression results in lowest Sadness scores and was visible in an interaction effect of both polymorphisms increasing the explained variance to 1.1%. This led us to the suggestion that only the combination Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the previously independent with PEM-associated alleles (Met-/10R-) results in decreased NEM. From a theoretical point of view, the genotype configuration 9R/9R (10R-) and Val/Val (Met-) that is related to the lowest Sadness scores, results in balanced DA levels due to lower reuptake (more DA in the Lenalidomide synaptic cleft) in combination with faster degradation of DA Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (leading to an adaptation to the DAT1 10R-induced increase in synaptic DA levels). Of course, it is

in general problematic to conclude on DA levels by taking into account only two DA polymorphisms even if COMT and DAT1 have great impact on DA levels due to their function in DA clearance. However, a balanced DA level as inferred from the DA transporter density and DA catabolism cannot be an explanation for the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical present results. The genotype configuration Met+/10R+ (low DA catabolism and high DA reuptake) that is related to high Sadness scores would theoretically Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical result in balanced DA levels, too. This problem can be solved if we take the distribution of the proteins within the different brain regions into consideration. DAT1 is most abundantly expressed in the striatum and midbrain and COMT in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), where DAT1 is only marginally present (Sesack et al. 1998; Lewis et al. 2001). This raises the question if a direct interplay Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of both proteins in the regulation of DA http://www.selleckchem.com/products/baricitinib-ly3009104.html neurotransmission with a strong dampening effect on NEM is dependent on a balanced DA level with low DA levels in the PFC (Met-) and high DA levels in the striatum (10R-). This idea is corroborated

by neuroimaging studies demonstrating the importance of DA gene variations in regulating brain circuitry involved in processing negative emotional stimuli (Prata et al. 2009). Several lines of evidence indicate that both cortical and subcortical regions are activated during Cilengitide the presentation of emotional stimuli (Zubieta et al. 2003) and are associated with Sadness and depression (Haber and Brucker 2009). A recent fMRI-study by Prata et al. (Prata et al. 2009) demonstrated significant epistasis between DAT1 and COMT genes on cortical activation during task-tapping executive functions in relation to schizophrenia, whereas the epistatic effect of DAT1 and COMT varied in different brain areas. For this reason they speculated that their findings possibly reflect expression and activity levels of the two proteins in different brain areas.