Although GSTP1 methylation was present in less than a third of PCa patient urine samples, selleckchem the study showed for the first time that urine samples are amenable to DNA analysis. Later studies by Jeronimo et al150 and Gonzalgo et al151 showed GSTP1 methylation in 23% and 39%, respectively, of urine samples from PCa patients. In another study, post-prostatic massage urine samples were assayed for the presence of GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation resulting 75% sensitivity and 98% specificity for prostate cancer in contrast to biopsies which had 91% sensitivity and 88% specificity. This study indicates that detection of increased GSTP1 methylation in urine samples may improve the specificity of PSA. Goessl et al152 demonstrated the utility of GSTP1 methylation assays in urine sediments collected after prostate massage (sensitivity 73%; specificity 98%).
Additional markers could potentially increase assay sensitivity. Rogers et al153 evaluated the concordance between post-digital rectal examination (DRE) and post-prostate biopsy urine samples using conventional MS-PCR analysis of 3 gene promoters (GSTP1, APC, and EDNRB) in patients with suspected or confirmed prostate cancer. Prostate cancer was detected on prostate biopsy in 12 of 17 patients (71%). Promoter methylation of GSTP1 (24%), APC (12%) and EDNRB (66%) was detected in post-DRE urine specimens. In post-biopsy urine specimens, methylation frequency of GSTP1, APC, and EDNRB was 18%, 18%, and 77%, respectively.
The concordance between post-DRE and post-biopsy urine samples was 94% for GSTP1 and APC, and 82% for EDNRB, suggesting that urine collected after DRE may be used for molecular analysis with results similar to those in post-biopsy urine samples. An additional study in which multiple gene analyses were evaluated is that of Hoque et al,154 who monitored a 4-gene cohort (GSTP1, CDKN2A (formerly p16), PSCD2 (formerly ARF), and MGMT) that could theoretically detect 87% of prostate cancers at 100% specificity. However, GSTP1 alone demonstrated a sensitivity of 48% at a specificity of 100%. In the same article, Hoque et al reported qMSP analysis of promoter methylation of 9-gene cohort (p16[INK4a], p14[ARF], MGMT, GSTP1, RAR��2, CDH1, TIMP3, RASSF1A, and APC) in 52 urine sediment from PCa patients and 91 controls.154 These 9 genes were chosen because their expression is frequently silenced by hypermethylation in prostate cancer.
154,155 Promoter hypermethylation was identified in at least 1 of the 9 genes in all 52 prostate cancer patients.154 Roupret et al86 examined urine samples from 95 prostate cancer patients unde
Liposarcomas are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors that show variable phenotypic features, aberrant genomes, and different prognoses. It is the most common sarcoma subtype in adults and may arise in any anatomical Dacomitinib site.