Changes in positive selleck chemical Tofacitinib affect, negative affect, and urges to smoke on quit day and after quitting The postquit intercept and slope estimates in the right-hand portion of Table 2 indicate effects relevant to quit-day and postquit affect and craving. Positive affect. After controlling for levels of nicotine dependence and female gender, we found that neither bupropion nor CBT were related to levels of positive affect on quit day (Table 2). Examination of postquit intercepts indicated that level of depression proneness was strongly related to lower levels of positive affect on quit day relative to baseline. There were no significant relationships among female gender, level of dependence, depression proneness, or treatment conditions on changes in positive affect after quitting, and no significant interactions related to the postquit positive affect slope.

Negative affect. After controlling for levels of nicotine dependence and female gender, we found that smokers receiving bupropion had lower levels of negative affect on quit day (see postquit intercepts in Table 2). Smokers with higher levels of depression proneness also related higher levels of negative affect on quit day (postquit intercept). There were no significant interactions between treatment conditions and baseline covariates or depression proneness in predicting levels of negative affect on quit day. Urges to smoke. After controlling for levels of nicotine dependence and female gender, we found that bupropion was significantly related to reduce urges to smoke on quit day (see postquit intercept in Table 2).

Level of depression proneness was not related to the level of urge to smoke on quit day (postquit intercept). There were no significant relationships among gender, level of dependence, depression proneness, or treatment conditions on changes in level of urge to smoke after quitting (postquit slope). Of the examined interactions with treatments, CBT had a significant interaction with levels of depression proneness (B = ?0.30, SE = 0.14, p < .04), suggesting that smokers with lower levels of depression proneness who received CBT had lower urges to smoke on quit day than did those who received ST. There were no other significant interactions. Changes in positive affect, negative affect, and urges to smoke and the risk for smoking lapse Failure to quit on quit day.

Of the 524 randomized smokers, 121 smokers reported smoking on the target quit date, and 8 smokers did not provide any follow-up data. We used the latent variable model to conduct logistic regression analyses Batimastat to evaluate whether changes in positive affect, negative affect, and urge
Higher levels of precessation depressive symptoms are generally associated with reduced odds of smoking cessation success (Anda et al., 1990; Brown et al.