Conditioning with 300 pairs of oriented gratings

(Δt < 20 ms) shifted perception of visual orientation toward the second orientation in the pair, which is consistent with standard population decoding models of the single-cell orientation tuning shifts in V1. This perceptual shift has the same order- and interval-dependence as STDP (Yao and Dan, 2001). Similar stimulus timing-dependent plasticity was observed for perception of retinotopic position (Fu et al., Navitoclax clinical trial 2002). This phenomenon also occurs for high-level vision: in a face perception experiment, rapid serial presentation of two faces (100 pairings over ∼2 min) biases face perception toward the second face presented, but only for pairing delays <60 ms (McMahon and Leopold, 2012; Figure 5A). These findings

argue that STDP-like plasticity occurs in the intact, attentive brain, and influences human visual perception, but again direct evidence Bortezomib datasheet that STDP is the causal cellular process is lacking. Computationally, STDP can store information about spatiotemporal patterns of input activity (Blum and Abbott, 1996; Rao and Sejnowski, 2001; Clopath et al., 2010). A highly relevant spatiotemporal pattern is visual motion, and many neurons in adults are selective (tuned) for visual motion direction. Strong evidence links STDP to development of direction selectivity in Xenopus tectum. In young Xenopus tadpoles, tectal neurons lack selectivity for visual motion direction. When a bar is repeatedly moved in a consistent direction across a young neuron’s receptive field, excitatory synaptic responses evoked by the trained movement direction are selectively increased, causing tectal neurons

to become tuned for the trained direction ( Engert et al., 2002). Several lines of evidence show that this is due to STDP at retinotectal synapses. First, retinotectal synapses exhibit robust Hebbian STDP in vivo, by pairing either electrically or visually evoked presynaptic spikes with postsynaptic spikes ( Zhang et al., 1998, 2000). Second, successful motion Oxygenase training occurs only when visual motion stimuli elicit postsynaptic spikes. Third, training causes retinal inputs active before evoked tectal spikes to be potentiated, while inputs active after tectal spikes are depressed, which is the hallmark of Hebbian STDP ( Engert et al., 2002; Mu and Poo, 2006). The mechanics of this process have been determined using three sequentially flashed bars at different spatial positions to simulate visual motion ( Figure 5B). When sequentially flashed bars are paired with postsynaptic spikes that occur just after the center bar stimulus (either evoked by this stimulus or by current injection), responses to the first and second bars are increased, while responses to the third bar are decreased, as predicted by Hebbian STDP. Moreover, training with both real and simulated motion increases visual responses to flashed stimuli at spatial locations that are active prior to the receptive field center.