Funds allocated by external donors substantially differ from those allocated by WHO member states. The meeting at Bamako provides an opportunity to consider how this disparity might be addressed.

Funding None.”
“Global cerebral ischemia

induces alterations of working memory, as evidenced in the eight-arm radial maze, in the absence of significant changes of pyramidal neuron population in the prefrontal cortex. These alterations can be prevented by a neuroprotective melatonin treatment. Thus, the cytoarchitectonic characteristics of the pyramidal neurons located at layers III and V in the prefrontal cortex of rats that had been submitted click here 120 days earlier to

acute global cerebral ischemia (15 min four-vessel occlusion), and melatonin (10 mg/(kgh) for 6 h, i.v.) or vehicle administration, starting 30 min after the end of cerebral blood flow interruption, were evaluated in order to gain information on the changes of the neural substrate underlying disruption of prefrontocortical functioning. Soma size, rough length and number of bifurcations of basilar and apical dendrites, as well as spine density and proportions of the different types of spines in a 50 mu m length segment of a secondary dendrite branching from the apical and the basilar dendrites, of pyramidal neurons of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, were evaluated in Golgi material. others A significant reduction Selleckchem Selinexor of soma size, apical and basilar dendrite length, number of dendritic bifurcations, and spine density were observed in pyramidal neurons at layers III and V after cerebral ischemia, while these alterations were prevented by melatonin treatment. These cytoarchitectural differences between groups seem to underlie the observed alterations in spatial working memory of ischemic, vehicle-treated rats in the absence of pyramidal neuron loss, as well as the better display of these

functions long after ischemia and melatonin neuroprotection. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In 2004, the ministerial summit in Mexico drew attention to the historic neglect of health policy and systems research (HPSR) and called for increased funding, investment in national institutional capacity for HPSR, and resources for selected priority research topics. On the basis of meeting discussions, published reports, and available data from research funders and organisations in low-income and middle-income countries, we discuss how HPSR has evolved since the summit in Mexico. Funding for HPSR, particularly in low-income countries, is mainly supported by international and bilateral organisations. Increased interest in health systems has translated into increased support for HPSR.