Interestingly, H. pylori positivity was also associated with higher levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and malondialdehyde levels, which, in turn, correlate with the occurrence of pre-eclampsia [26]. Nausea and vomiting are very frequent complaints of pregnant

women and, when severe, may lead to hyperemesis gravidarum, which is characterized by weight loss, dehydration, acidosis from starvation, alkalosis from loss of hydrochloric acid in vomitus, hypokalaemia Palbociclib and transient hepatic dysfunction. A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies performed by Sandven et al. [27] clearly showed that exposure to H. pylori appears to be associated with an increased risk of hyperemesis gravidarum. Finally, Yavasoglu et al.

[28] reported an epidemiological association between H. pylori infection and polycystic ovary syndrome, while Kaya et al. [29] did not detect the presence of this bacterium in cervical mucosa or in cervicovaginal secretions. Ceritinib datasheet Concerning ophthalmology, Izzotti et al. [30] proposed that H. pylori infection may play a role in the occurrence of glaucoma, via the induction of systemic oxidative stress, which may influence the damage to the trabecular meshwork and optical nerve head, while Misiuk-Hoilo et al. [31] showed a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy compared to healthy controls. Recent studies suggest that H. pylori infection plays a role in the pathogenesis of a variety of skin diseases, in particular chronic urticaria (CU). Notwithstanding the evidence produced over the years, the medical community is still in dispute about the etiopathogenic role of this organism. Recently, some researchers showed that the severity of CU outcome in H. pylori-positive patients was significantly higher than that in an H. pylori-negative group (p = .019) and that the cutaneous symptoms in infected patients were significantly correlated to the density of bacterial colonization (p = .008) and

the intensity of inflammation (p < .0001) [32]. All of these findings suggest that H. pylori may play a role in the exacerbation of CU rather than a direct involvement in its etiology and that the bacterial eradication may improve CU remission. As far as other dermatologic diseases such as alopecia areata (AA), Behçet’s disease etc., are concerned, no correlation Temsirolimus with H. pylori infection could be established [33–35]. Although various authors suggested that H. pylori might have a critical role in oral mucosa diseases or might use the oral mucosa as a reservoir for the re-infection of the gastric mucosa, the data provided are still controversial. In an interesting study by Jorgensen et al. [36], aimed at evaluating the oral mucosa and the periodontal and dental status of IgA deficient adults, an active H. pylori infection in the gastric mucosa showed a positive correlation with the severity of periodontitis (p = .