Kanamycin (250 μg/mL) was added one hour after infection

to suppress the growth of extracellular bacteria. Supernatant was collected 6 hours after infection. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant was measured with the Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (Roche) according to manufacturer’s instruction. Percentage cytotoxicity was calculated by the formula: Statistical analysis Average disease scores with standard deviation were calculated based on at least 100 tomato plantlets infected with each strain of bacteria or mutant. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance [18]. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 17 software (SPSS Inc). A p value of less than 0.001 is considered significant. Results Using B. thailandensis infection of tomato plantlets as a model To mimic infection via a possible natural route, the unwounded roots of tomato plantlets were immersed in media inoculated Lenvatinib solubility dmso with 1 × 107 cfu of bacteria. Only the roots were in contact with the inoculum. Tomato plantlets infected via the roots by B. thailandensis showed progressive symptoms such as yellowing of leaves, blackening of the leaf veins, wilting and necrosis whereas uninfected plantlets remained healthy

and did not show any disease symptoms throughout the period (Fig 1A-B). Most infected plantlets were dead on day 7. All plantlets were monitored over a period of seven days. Disease was scored daily for every plantlet on an index from 1-5 based on the extent of symptoms presented as described in Methods. The average disease score for a particular click here day represent the mean

disease scores for all the plantlets with the same treatment on that day. As infection progressed over time, the average disease score for B. thailandensis-infected plants increased progressively, reaching a maximum disease score of 5 on day 7 (Fig 1C). In contrast, plantlets infected with E. coli in the same manner via the roots showed a slight progression of average disease scores over time and reached a maximum disease score of 2 on day 7 (Fig 1C), demonstrating that the extensive disease and death seen was specific to B. thailandensis infection and not due to non-specific stress induced by the experimental Carnitine dehydrogenase manipulations. Figure 1 B. thailandensis infection and replication in tomato plantlets. Tomato plantlets were infected with B. thailandensis and monitored over a period of seven days. On day 7, representative photographs of the uninfected plantlets (A) and the infected plantlets (B) were taken. (C) Tomato plantlets infected with B. thailandensis were scored daily based on the extent of disease symptoms on an index from 1 – 5 over a period of seven days. The average score was calculated based on at least 100 plantlets cumulative from several experiments. (D) Each graph represents bacterial counts from leaves of one B. thailandensis infected plantlet over days 1, 3, 5 and 7.