Material and methods. A review in the English language of the Medline and Pub Med databases was performed using the keywords upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma and endoscopic management. There was a particular emphasis on treatment outcomes from published series. Results. Endoscopic
treatment of UTTCC alone for high-grade tumours is not advised owing to high rates of both local recurrence and disease progression, while many authors do not recommend BAY 73-4506 Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor primary endoscopic management of UTTCC in elective situations if pathological analysis and tumour grade cannot be obtained. Conclusion. Endourological management of UTTCC has become an accepted treatment option in highly selected patients, provided long-term close surveillance to detect and treat recurrences is ensured.”
“Background: Post-transcriptional control of
gene expression is suspected to play an important role in malaria parasites. In yeast and metazoans, part of the stress response is mediated through phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2 alpha), which results in the selective translation of mRNAs encoding stress-response proteins.
Methods: The impact of starvation on the phosphorylation state of PfeIF2 alpha was examined. Bioinformatic methods were used to identify plasmodial eIF2 alpha kinases. The activity of one of these, PfeIK1, was investigated using recombinant Pexidartinib concentration protein with non-physiological substrates and recombinant selleck products PfeIF2 alpha. Reverse genetic techniques were used to disrupt the pfeik1 gene.
Results: The data demonstrate that the Plasmodium falciparum eIF2 alpha orthologue is phosphorylated in response to starvation, and provide bioinformatic evidence for the presence of three eIF2 alpha kinases in P. falciparum, only one of which (PfPK4) had been described previously. Evidence is provided that one of the novel eIF2 alpha kinases, PfeIK1, is able to phosphorylate the P. falciparum eIF2 alpha orthologue in vitro. PfeIK1 is not required for asexual or sexual development of the parasite, as shown
by the ability of pfeik1-parasites to develop into sporozoites. However, eIF2 alpha phosphorylation in response to starvation is abolished in pfeik1-asexual parasites
Conclusion: This study strongly suggests that a mechanism for versatile regulation of translation by several kinases with a similar catalytic domain but distinct regulatory domains, is conserved in P. falciparum.”
“ObjectiveAn individual’s ability to effectively manage their cancer pain is influenced by knowledge and perceptions regarding the pain experience. While significance of the physician’s knowledge of cancer pain management has been reported, much less is known how a patient’s knowledge may influence their ability to optimally manage their pain.