Syntactic ambiguities also produced activation in the posterior middle temporal gyrus. These data confirm the functional relationship between these two brain regions and their importance in constructing grammatical representations of spoken language. (C) AZD4547 in vitro 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The obligatory cost of living for endotherms is measured by basal metabolic rate (BMR), a variable that is known to change after thermal acclimation. However, the relative timing between variation in ambient temperature and BMR is not well understood. in this study, we addressed this problem in the sparrow Zonotrichia capensis, studying whether previous thermal history affects the response of BMR to a new

acclimation temperature. We found that after 4 weeks of acclimation either to 30 or 15 degrees C birds exhibited significant differences https://www.selleckchem.com/products/srt2104-gsk2245840.html in BMR from pre-acclimation levels. Nevertheless, after a re-acclimation to the opposite treatment for six additional weeks, in the group previously acclimated to warm conditions the change in BMR was significantly greater than in the group previously acclimated to cold. We also found differences in the mass

of the small intestine between groups but constancy in the mass of liver, kidney and heart masses at the end of the experiments. Our results indicate that the thermal history affects metabolic adjustments and highlights the importance of considering this when evaluating the plasticity of metabolic traits in small birds. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The key question of how the brain codes the meaning of words and pictures is the focus of vigorous debate. Is there a “”semantic hub”" in the temporal poles where these different inputs converge to form amodal conceptual representations? Alternatively, are there distinct

neural circuits that underpin our comprehension of pictures and words? Understanding words might be primarily left-lateralised, linked to other language areas, while semantic representation of pictures may be more bilateral. To elucidate this debate, we used offline, low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to disrupt neural processing temporarily in the left or right temporal poles. During the induced refractory period, participants Amobarbital made judgements of semantic association for verbal and pictorial stimuli. The efficiency of semantic processing was reduced by rTMS, yet a perceptual task of comparable difficulty was unaffected. rTMS applied to the left or right temporal poles disrupted semantic processing for words and pictures to the same degree, while rTMS delivered at a control site had no impact. The results confirm that both temporal poles form a critical substrate within the neural network that supports conceptual knowledge, regardless of modality. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
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