The explorative approach of this study, combined with the finding

The explorative approach of this study, combined with the finding of a decreased intracellular DCFH2 oxidation, revealed

an additional stimulation of cellular antioxidative mechanisms when exposed to CMH. This may contribute to an improved performance through increased ability to cope with training-induced Belnacasan nmr increases in oxidative stress. Combined effects of increased energy load and improved antioxidative defences may thus be the key to the performance improvement experienced by some athletes following creatine supplement, but this approach needs further investigation [41]. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Hanne S. Møller, Inge Lise Sørensen and Anne-Grete Dyrvig Petersen for excellent technical assistance. The Danish Technology and Production Research Council (FTP) is thanked for financial support through the project “”NMR-based metabonomics on tissues and biofluids”" (project no. 274-05-339). The Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Biotechnological Instrument Centre (DABIC) is acknowledged. References 1. Balsom PD, Söderlund K, Ekblom B: Creatine in humans with special reference to creatine supplementation. Sports Med 1994, 18:268–280.CrossRefPubMed 2. Casey A, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Howell S, Hultman E, Greenhaff PL: Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance AG-014699 in vitro and muscle metabolism

during maximal exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:E31-E37.PubMed 3. Dentowski ABH, Opaszowski D, Blachnio D, Polanowski B: Effect of creatine supplementation

on the performance in supramaximal, intermittent exercise. Biol Sport 1997, 14:291–298. 4. Mujika I, Padilla S: Creatine supplementation as an ergogenic acid for sports performance in highly trained athletes: a critical review. Int J Sports Med 1997, 18:491–496.CrossRefPubMed 5. Gotshalk LA, Kraemer WJ, Mendonca MAG, Vingren JL, Kenny AM, Spiering BA, Hatfield DL, Fragala MS, Volek JS: Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008, 102:223–231.CrossRefPubMed 6. Balsom PD, Söderlund K, Sjödin B, Ekblom B: Skeletal muscle 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation. Acta Physiol Scand 1995, 154:303–310.CrossRefPubMed 7. Burke DG, Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, MacNeil LG, Roy BD, Tarnopolsky MA, Ziegenfuss T: Effect of creatine supplementation and resistance-exercise training on muscle insulin-like growth factor in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2008, 18:389–398.CrossRefPubMed 8. Safdar A, Yardley NJ, Snow R, Melov S, Tarnopolsky MA: Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation. Physiol Genomics 2008, 32:219–228.PubMed 9. McMorris T, Mielcarz G, Harris RC, Swain JP, Howard A: Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals.

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