The methods of this study were Lenalidomide CAS designed to minimize this risk (e.g., alternating smoking and non�Csmoking clips; presenting a media literacy intervention) and in doing so provided new methodological information for the field. There are limitations to this study. First, desire to smoke was the main dependent variable, not actual smoking behavior. Second, the sample of movie clips was selective. Therefore, these results may not generalize to other instances of movie smoking. Third, the study employed a reactively recruited sample of early adolescent never-smokers; our findings may not generalize to other populations of adolescents. Despite these limitations, the results of this study suggest that how smoking is portrayed in movies is important for understanding the influence of such portrayals on adolescent smoking.

Future research using randomized experimental designs and prospective designs would further advance knowledge in this domain of inquiry. Funding This research was supported by R01 “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”DA022496″,”term_id”:”78445730″,”term_text”:”DA022496″DA022496. Declaration of Interests None declared. Acknowledgments Special thanks are due to Rachel Burns, Jill Schaeffer, Sarah Frith, Preethi Saama, and Michelle Horner for their invaluable assistance in executing the procedures of this research.
The Internet is used extensively to market and sell tobacco (Freeman & Chapman, 2008; Malone & Bero, 2000). While cigarette advertising is regulated in traditional mainstream media, such as television and radio, sites such as YouTube, with their consumer-generated media content, remain largely unregulated (Ciolli, 2007).

Children access these types of sites and make up a large part of total users (Quantcast audience profile, 2009). Freeman and Chapman (2007) surveyed YouTube tobacco content in 2007 and found that smoking imagery was prolific and accessible. However, no previous studies have explored whether this content changes rapidly or stays relatively stable across time. This study builds on earlier work by examining the overall message and genre of YouTube videos related to cigarette smoking retrieved across two time periods. Importance of smoking imagery in smoking behavior Smoking rates among teens remain unacceptably high. In 2007, 20% of high school students in the United States were current cigarette smokers (Centers for AV-951 Disease Control [CDC], 2009). Each day in the United States, approximately 3,600 young people between the ages of 12 and 17 years try cigarette smoking and an estimated 1,100 become daily smokers (CDC). Approximately 90% of adult smokers began smoking before the age of 18 years (Schum & Gould, 2007).