The most salient candidate gene within this QTL, Gnao1 (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha(o); G alpha(o); 96.3 Mb), was tested for functional relevance using quantitative PCR and an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide strategy. The expression of Gnao1 in the locus coeruleus was found to be upregulated in morphine-dependent B6 but not A/J mice. Antisense

Immunology inhibitor knockdown of Gnao1 reduced NPWjumping in B6, but riot A/J, mice rendered dependent on either morphine or heroin, largely rescuing the original strain difference. These data strongly implicate the G alpha(o) protein in the locus coeruleus as contributing to interindividual variability in physical dependence on opioids in mice. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published Crenigacestat price by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Neuronal discharge and local field potential (LFP) oscillations in the olfactory bulb (013) are modulated by odorant stimulation. The LFP oscillations have been proposed as the mechanism that facilitates

synchronization of OB output neurons and the representation of similar odorants. Gamma LFP oscillations depend on the OB inhibitory network and early sensory deprivation modifies this inhibitory network. However, little is known about the LFP oscillations and neuronal discharge in the deprived OB. We examined the mitral/tufted (MT) cells’ oscillatory activity and LFP oscillations in both sensory-deprived and normal OBs in urethane anesthetized rats. LY2874455 supplier We found that MT cells in deprived and normal OBs have similar basal mean firing rate; 44% of the recorded cells in deprived OB and only 8% of the cells in normal OB showed firing rate modulation by odorants, both exhibiting a similar ratio of excitatory to inhibitory responses. A fraction of MT cells exhibited oscillatory discharge centered on gamma (60-70 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) frequencies, although this feature was not consistently dependent on odorant stimulation. Odorants decreased the LFP oscillatory power in the gamma band (35-90 Hz) and increased the power in the beta band (12-30 Hz). The modulation of LFP oscillations

by odorants was also predominant in the deprived (53%) compared to the normal OB (17%). In contrast, a higher fraction of MT cells’ discharge was locked to the gamma LFP cycle in the normal OB. These results suggest that early unilateral olfactory deprivation increases the 013 sensitivity to odorants and reduce the temporal synchrony between unitary activity and gamma LFP oscillations without altering the basal neuronal discharge. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The morphology of intradental nerve fibers of permanent teeth and of continuously growing rodent incisors has been studied in detail but little information is available on the parent axons that give rise to these fibers.