The results of this study were consistent with the immunotoxicity of heavy metal cadmium. After newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a low concentration of cadmium (10 ppb) for 24 days through breastfeeding, the results revealed a gender-related impact on the cytotoxic effect of NK cells on both day 28 and day 63 (Pillet et al., 2005). Holásková et

al. (2012) reported that chronic exposure to low-dose cadmium in the parental generation causes a reduced ZD1839 solubility dmso proportion of splenic NK cells in the offspring mice, most likely leading to reduced tumour resistance. However, earlier studies revealed that NK cells are apparently not sensitive to the immunotoxicity that is caused by chronic exposure to lead or to lead combined with cadmium (Yücesoy et al., 1997 and Neilan et al., 1983). We reason that in addition to gender, these differences may be mainly due to the channel of exposure, the dose of exposure, the duration 17-AAG price of exposure, and the age at which exposure to the heavy metal occurs in the animal model. Additionally, DU is radioactive, which may also be

one of the reasons for its unique effect compared with other heavy metals. Previous studies on the effect of DU on macrophages mainly revealed the impact of soluble uranium on megakaryocytic cells (NR8383 or J774) or peritoneal macrophages via in vitro experiments ( Kalinich et al., 2002, Gazin et al., 2004 and Wan et al., 2006). The present study evaluated the immune function of mouse peritoneal macrophages after long-term exposure to DU and demonstrated that as the exposure dose increased, the ability of macrophage to secrete NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 decreased. All of these factors are U0126 chemical structure involved in the antipathogenic effector functions of macrophages ( Kawai and Akira, 2010). Therefore, inhibition of the secretory function of macrophages suggests that uranium exposure weakens the capability of animals to fight against infection. In agreement with the results of this study, Dublineau et al.

(2007) reported that, after rats were exposed to DU for 6 months through drinking water (40 mg/l), the secretion of NO was decreased in ileal tissue, which may be observed because uranium caused a reduction in NO-secreting cells (macrophages) in the ileal tissue, as well as a reduction in inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activators [C–C motif ligand 2 (CCL-2)] and an increase in NO inhibitors (IL-10). In the experiments of lead-induced immunotoxicity, the inhibition of the NO secretion from macrophages was considered to be a sensitive indicator ( Dietert and Piepenbrink, 2006). The exposure of peritoneal macrophages to lead (20 μM) for 72 h led to decreased NO secretion, a decreased phagocytic index, and significantly increased catalase levels, which may increase the incidence of infectious diseases ( Bussolaro et al., 2008).