Under Th17 conditions, the binding of Mel-18 at the Ifng promoter was much lower than at the Il17a promoter (Fig. 4H). We did not notice changes in the binding activity of Mel-18 at Hoxa7 promoter in the presence or absence of Th17 polarizing cytokines (Fig. 4G). As with Mel-18, there were no significant changes see more in the expression levels of the mRNA or protein of Ezh2 if the restimulation was either in the presence of Th17 conditions or IL-12 (Fig. 5A and B). But in contrast to Mel-18, the binding activity of Ezh2 at the Il17a promoter was not decreased without cytokines (Fig. 5C). The binding of Ezh2 at the Rorc,

Ifng, Tbx21 and Hoxa7 promoters was also not significantly altered between the different conditions (Fig. 5D–G). Ezh2 was associated more strongly with the Il17a promoter than with the Ifng promoter (Fig. 5H), but the differences were smaller in comparison to the differential binding activity of Mel-18 at these promoters (Fig. 4H). To determine whether the signaling pathways downstream to TGF-β were sufficient to maintain the high level of the binding activity of Mel-18 at the Il17a promoter, Th17 cells were restimulated

without cytokines or in the presence of either TGF-β alone or combination of TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-23 (Fig. 6A). The binding of Mel-18 was only modestly decreased when the restimulation was in the presence Dorsomorphin of TGF-β alone than with the cytokine combination. When the cells were restimulated without cytokines, the binding was further reduced almost to the level of unstimulated cells (resting). These results show that TGF-β is required for the maintenance of the binding activity of Mel-18 at the Il17a promoter

beyond the early TCR-dependent stage. Nevertheless, the presence of TGF-β in the absence of TCR stimulation, as in the resting conditions, is insufficient to induce the binding activity of Mel-18 at the Il17a Resveratrol promoter. The binding activity of RORγt was correlated with this of Mel-18; RORγt was associated with the Il17a promoter when the Th17 cells were restimulated for 18 h in the presence of the Th17 polarizing cytokines but not in their absence (Fig. 6B). The decrease in the binding activity of RORγt may reflect the reduced expression of Rorc mRNA following restimulation without TGF-β (Fig. 3A). However, we did not recognize substantial changes in the expression levels of RORγt protein at this time point (Fig. 6C). Therefore, as early as 18 h following restimulation the recruitment of RORγt, and not its expression, is regulated by the polarizing cytokines.