We also propose a second novel brain network, based on a modification of voxel-wise approaches, and examine some of its properties in relation to the first graph. Before studying these graphs in detail, we are obliged to demonstrate that they (1) display signs of accuracy, and (2) improve upon previous graph definitions. Our evaluation

of rs-fcMRI brain graphs rests upon a simple and fundamental argument. Decades of PET and fMRI experiments have defined functional systems as groups Erastin concentration of brain regions that coactivate during certain types of task (e.g., the dorsal attention system, (Corbetta and Shulman, 2002 and Corbetta et al., 1995); here and elsewhere we replace common neuroscientific usage of “network” with “system,” reserving the word network for the graph theoretic sense, such that “dorsal attention Dasatinib cost network”

becomes “dorsal attention system”). A more recent large literature indicates that rs-fcMRI signal is specifically and highly correlated within these functional systems (e.g., within the visual system, default mode system, dorsal attention system, ventral attention system, auditory system, motor system, etc.) (Biswal et al., 1995, Dosenbach et al., 2007, Fox et al., 2006, Greicius et al., 2003, Lowe et al., 1998 and Nelson et al., 2010a). There is a family of methods (subgraph detection) that is used to break large networks into subnetworks of highly related nodes (subgraphs), such that nodes within subgraphs are more densely connected (here, correlated) to one another than to the rest of the graph. We hypothesized that specific patterns of high correlation within functional systems ADP ribosylation factor would be reflected as subgraphs within a brain-wide rs-fcMRI network. Thus, the presence of subgraphs

that correspond to functional systems is an indication that a graph accurately models some features of brain organization, and the absence of such subgraphs raises suspicions that a graph may not be well-defined. With this hypothesis in mind, we open this report by studying the subgraph structures of four brain-wide graphs within a single data set. As mentioned above, two novel graphs are studied: a graph of putative functional areas (264 nodes), and a modification of voxelwise networks that excludes short-distance correlations (40,100 nodes). Two other standard graphs are used for comparison: a graph of parcels from a popular brain atlas (90 nodes), and a standard voxelwise graph (40,100 nodes). To presage the results, subgraphs in the areal network are significantly more like functional systems than subgraphs in the atlas-based graph, and subgraphs in the modified voxelwise network are more like functional systems than the standard voxelwise network. Additionally, despite great differences in network size and definition, the areal and modified voxelwise subgraphs are remarkably alike and contain many subgraphs corresponding to known functional systems, bolstering confidence in their accuracy.