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2008,23(2):96–104.PubMedCrossRef 30. Proost P, Vynckier AK, Mahieu F, Put W, Grillet B, Struyf S, Wuyts A, Opdenakker G, Van Damme J: Microbial Toll-like receptor ligands differentially regulate CXCL10/IP-10 expression in fibroblasts and mononuclear leukocytes in synergy with IFN-gamma MEK162 cell line and provide a mechanism for enhanced synovial chemokine levels in septic arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2003,33(11):3146–3153.PubMedCrossRef 31. Kortlever RM, Higgins PJ, Bernards R: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a critical downstream target of p53 in the induction of replicative senescence. Nat Cell Biol 2006,8(8):877–884.PubMedCrossRef VS-4718 molecular weight Competing interests The authors declare

that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions HK, EP and TB designed the study. EP wrote the manuscript with HK and TB. EP and HK performed the experiments. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Various species of genera like Clostridium, Escherichia, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Vibrio[1,

2] are known to cause food spoilage. In addition, different drug resistant strains of Escherichia and Salmonella belonging to family Selleckchem CP673451 Enterobacteriaceae are reported to cause food-borne illness [3–6]. Increasing multidrug-resistance in bacteria resulted in a greater need to find alternative antimicrobial substances that can be used for various applications including clinical as well as preservation of food and dairy products. Therefore, research on antimicrobial peptides Loperamide including antimicrobial biosurfactants as a new class of drugs has increased in the recent past as they exhibit both narrow and broad spectrum inhibition activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria or fungi. Although members of the Enterobacteriaceae family are known to produce bacteriocins such as enterocins by Enterobacter sp. [7], serracin by Serratia sp. [8] bacteriocin by Citrobacter sp. [9] and microcins by Escherichia sp. [10], they are not reported to produce any antimicrobial biosurfactants. The different types of biosurfactants with antimicrobial activity include lipopeptides, glycolipids, phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides [11].