Conclusions Although studies have yielded contradictory results o

Conclusions Although studies have yielded contradictory results on the association between stress and breast cancer development, our results confirm that high-intensity stress has a borderline association with the development

of breast cancer. AZD6094 manufacturer However, relative to the findings in most PD98059 research buy of studies that stress can increase the risk of breast cancer, whether those women who had the most aggressive form of breast cancer also had the highest stress levels was unclear, and there is no real way to tell how much stress the women were under before their diagnosis of breast cancer. Obviously, based on that it’s not clear what’s driving the association between stress and breast cancer development, future studies are necessary to elucidate this relationship. References 1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011, 61:69–90.PubMedCrossRef 2. Tyrer J, Duffy SW, Cuzick J: A breast cancer prediction model

this website incorporating familial and personal risk factors. Stat Med 2004,23(7):1111–1130.PubMedCrossRef 3. Curtis C, Shah SP, Chin SF, Turashvili G, Rueda OM, Dunning MJ, Speed D, Lynch AG, Samarajiwa S, Yuan Y, Gräf S, Ha G, Haffari G, Bashashati A, Russell R, McKinney S, Langerød A, Green A, Provenzano E, Wishart G, Pinder S, Watson P, Markowetz F, Murphy L, Ellis I, Purushotham A, Børresen-Dale AL, Brenton JD, Tavaré S, Caldas C, Aparicio S, METABRIC Group: The genomic and transcriptomic

architecture of 2,000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups. Nature 2012,486(7403):346–352.PubMed 4. Hulka BS, Moorman PG: Breast cancer: hormones and other risk factors. Maturitas 2001,38(1):103–113.PubMedCrossRef 5. van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson L, Folsom AR, Fraser G, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi L, Marshall JR, Miller AB, Rohan T, Smith-Warner SA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Wolk A, Hunter DJ: Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 2000,152(6):514–527.PubMedCrossRef 6. Santen RJ, Boyd NF, Chlebowski RT, Cummings S, Cuzick J, Dowsett M, Easton D, Forbes JF, Key T, Hankinson SE, Howell A, Ingle J, Breast learn more Cancer Prevention Collaborative Group: Critical assessment of new risk factors for breast cancer: considerations for development of an improved risk prediction model. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007,14(2):169–187.PubMedCrossRef 7. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK: Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol 2005,5(3):243–251.PubMedCrossRef 8. Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE, Rosner B, Kroenke CH, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Kawachi I: Job stress and breast cancer risk: the nurses’ health study. Am J Epidemiol 2004,160(11):1079–1086.PubMedCrossRef 9. Surtees PG, Wainwright NW, Luben RN, Khaw KT, Bingham SA: No evidence that social stress is associated with breast cancer incidence.

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