If it is proven to be true, Guaifenesin would be a suitable candidate as an antiepileptic courtesy of its wide margin of safety. Guaifenesin can also be used in pregnancy and breastfeeding,15,16 in contrast to other antiepileptic drugs. The aim of the present study was to determine whether Guaifenesin has an anticonvulsant effect in an animal model of seizure. Materials and Methods Chemicals Guaifenesin was purchased from Exir Pharmaceutical Company, Iran and was dissolved in 0.25% Tween 20 in normal saline. Diazepam (10 mg/ml)

was obtained from Darupakhsh Pharmaceutical Company, Iran, and Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was purchased from Sigma and was dissolved Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in normal saline. Animals Male albino mice (25-35 g) were obtained from the Animal House, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The animals were kept Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in plastic cages in groups of 4-5 with free access to food and water, 12h dark/12h light cycles, and at a temperature of 22ºC±2. The animals were treated in accordance with the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of

Medical Sciences. PTZ-Induced Seizure The anticonvulsant effect of Guaifenesin was assessed in an animal model of PTZ-induced seizure. Sixty mice were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n=10/group) and received Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Guaifenesin intraperitoneally at doses of 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg 30 minutes before the injection of PTZ (95 mg/kg). The control group was administered 0.25% Tween in normal saline. A group of mice received Diazepam (3 mg/kg) as a reference drug. The doses of Guaifenesin and Diazepam were selected according to previous studies.17,18 The latency Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical time to the onset of myoclonic, clonic, and tonic-clonic convulsions was recorded after PTZ injection. PTZ initially produced myoclonic jerks, followed by facial and forelimb clonus, which then became sustained and led to generalized tonic-clonic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical jerking (loss of righting reflex and tonic forlimb flexion/extension, followed by whole body clonus).19 In addition, the percentage of the animals exhibiting convulsion and the percentage of mortality were recorded for each

studied group. The ED50s, median effective doses of Guaifenesin, protecting 50% of the mice Dacomitinib against clonic and tonic-clonic convulsions and death were determined. Neuromuscular Coordination–Rotarod The effect of Guaifenesin on coordinated motor movements was assessed using the Rotarod test. A day before the test, the mice were trained to stay on the rotating wheel (3 cm in diameter, 20 rpm) for more than one minute. On the test day, the animals were figure 1 tested on the Rotarod (model 7600, UGO Basile, Italy) before and 30 minutes after the administration of 0.25% Tween20, Diazepam or different doses of Guaifenesin. The number of seconds each mouse remained on the rotating wheel was recorded for a maximum of 300 seconds. Statistical Analysis The data are presented as mean value±SEM.

Such pressures will certainly have some impact on the willingness of GPs to change their behavior. Training primary care providers Since it is undisputable that many primary care providers have

only minimal training in the detection, treatment, and referral mechanisms of mental disorders, educational programs remain important in both training and practice. Such programs can at least keep providers up to date with new diagnoses, treatments, and management strategies. While other factors (time, motivation) may be important for the actual implementation, at least a very basic understanding is provided. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical What remains unresolved here is by what mechanisms such programs are Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical most successfully implemented. Clearly, the endless production of guidelines is insufficient, as are continuing education programs and visits by representatives of pharmaceutical companies. Rather, we need to search for the most appropriate dissemination and translation strategies in primary care settings. More systematic research is

needed to identify factors related to formats and physicians, as well those related to organizations and financial considerations assodated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with successful implementation. Clinical practice Primary care physicians’ work is subject to considerable time restrictions, in terms of the number of patients (up to 60 patients a day in some countries), the broad spectrum of all medical conditions Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and presenting symptoms, and the high point-prevalence of variable expressions of depressive disorders (about 10% including all types, severity, and patterns of comorbidity).7,15-49 As managed care predominates, expectations are increasing. Particularly in countries with an extremely high average numbers of patients (over 60 patients a day in Germany), the reduction in time per patient to only a few minutes on a typical day probably

forms a severe obstacle to improvement of both recognition and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical intervention, may it be treatment or referral. While screening tools might be partly successful in countries where GPs have at least Drug_discovery 10 to 15 min per patient, they are clearly of little use in countries where GPs have less than 10 min with their patients. This obstacle can only be overcome by structural changes in the organization and reimbursement schemes, because, even if simple and efficient screening tools are used, a proper differential diagnostic workup is unlikely given the GPs’ short period of time per patient. The time pressure in everyday practice is also responsible for difficulties in successful referral to mental health specialists and other more efficient interventions.19 Among models for this, the so-called collaborative model is the most popular.

In schizophrenic patients, these deficits may include smaller cell sizes and neuropils, and reduced transcription of certain proteins involved in neuronal transmission, such as growthassociated protein-43 (GAP-43) and selleckchem subunits

of non-Ar-methyl-D-aspartate (NMD A) glutamate receptors.68 These latter deficits involve the “trisynaptic circuit” of the hippocampus, including the CA3 region of Amnion’s horn, which is also a locus of impaired sensory gating.65 The conceptual (eg, its putative roles in learning and memory, and in filtering out, or gating, unimportant information from the environment) and empirical (ie, its demonstrated abnormalities in schizophrenic patients Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and their relatives) significance of the hippocampus thus underscores the importance of determining whether hippocampal-based deficits are associated with the clinical and neuropsychological symptoms

of schizotaxia Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical we described above. Similar arguments may be made for other brain regions. The third and most important reason for studying the neurobiological etiology of schizotaxia is to provide a foundation for the rational development of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical treatment strategies for schizotaxia, and prevention strategies for schizophrenia. Our initial treatment of schizotaxia (described above) involved low doses of risperidone, one of the newer antipsychotic medications, because we reasoned that it might ameliorate some of the same problems in schizotaxic relatives that it does in schizophrenic patients. While the reasons for its effectiveness remain unclear, they probably do not include its antipsychotic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical properties, since the schizotaxic relatives were (by definition) not psychotic. As neurobiological mechanisms of schizotaxia become elucidated, treatments will likely include options that arc broader and more specific than antipsychotic treatments alone. Some of these may be tested in the near future. For example, the demonstration

that nicotine Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical transiently normalizes impaired sensory gating in relatives implicates cholinergic neurotransmission in the normal mediation of the “filtering” function.69 Interestingly, we recently found that glucose, which also facilitates hippocampal cholinergic function (see, for example, references 70 and 71), improves long-term verbal memory in schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine.72 Anacetrapib Whether glucose can also attenuate cognitive dysfunctions in schizotaxia remains to be tested, but it does illustrate the possibility that a broad range of nonanti-psychotic treatments (with or without concomitant low doses of antipsychotic medications) may be useful in treating schizotaxia. As the biological bases of schizotaxia become clearer, so will diagnostic criteria for the syndrome. This will allow the development of more targeted treatment strategies and homogeneous samples of research subjects.

001) higher MDA levels compared to that of the control group. However, endosulfan-treated selleck screening library groups receiving supplementation

of vit C, vit E or vit C+vit E had a significantly lower MDA levels compared to that of the group treated with endosulfan alone (figuer 1A). There was no significant difference among the testestrone of the control group, endosulfan-treated group, and endosulfan-treated group supplemented with vit C, vit E, or vita C+vit E (figure 1B). Group treated with endosulfan alone had a significantly (P<0.001) higher LDH Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical levels compared to that of the control group. However, endosulfan-treated groups receiving supplementation of vit E or vit C+vit E had a significantly lower LDH levels compared to that of the group treated with endosulfan alone (figure 1C). Figure 1: Concentrations (mean±SEM, n=10) of Malondialdehyde (MDA) (A), serum testosterone (B), serum Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (C) in the control rats and rats treated with endosulfan (Endo), endosulfan+vitamin C (vit Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical C), edosulfan+vitamin E (vit ... Discussion Exposure to pesticides could cause male infertility by causing a significant

decrease in sperm quality and quantity.27 The results of the present study clearly indicate that endosulfan at a daily dose of 10 mg/kg significantly reduces the quality and quantity of sperm production. The result also shows the protective role of vitamin E and C on endosulfan–induced sperm Axitinib toxicity by decreasing lipid peroxidation, as shown by biochemical examination and further proved by improvements in qualitative and quantitative Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sperm parameters in vitamin-treated rats compared to endosulfan treated ones. Several studies have suggested that lipid peroxidation is involved in endosulfan toxicity.7,8

In this study, oral administration of endosulfan at 1/8 of the LD50,28 for 10 days increased MDA levels, as a marker of lipid per oxidation, in the testis. Lipid peroxidation of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids disrupts the membrane integrity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and results in the leakage Cilengitide of cellular enzyme into the systemic circulation.29 The increase in the level of LDH observed in the endosulfan-treated rats may be attributed to the excessive lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane that might have caused cell membrane damage. Plasma membranes of the sperms have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acid; hence, they are highly sensitive to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.30 Lipid peroxidation has been shown to be associated with reduction in sperm mobility, viability and count.31 In this study, as might be expected, enhancement of lipid peroxidation by endosulfan is accompanied by a noticeable decrease in sperm viability, motility and DSP. Our data confirm the findings of other studies which reported that endosulfan administration induced decreases in the sperm parameters.

The use of chondroitin sulfate which binds CD44 overexpressed by tumor cells has recently been introduced [43]. Coupling of chondroitin sulfate to the surface of http://www.selleckchem.com/products/arq-197.html etoposide-loaded liposomes increased etoposide accumulation in breast cancer xenografts after

intravenous injection 40-fold compared to free drug and by 8-fold compared to untargeted liposomes. Presentation of lactose at the surface of doxorubicin-loaded PEGylated liposomes using a lactose-DOPE conjugate to target the asialoglycoprotein receptors overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinomas increased doxorubicin accumulation in tumors and resulted in tumor growth inhibition over untargeted Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical doxorubicin-loaded liposomes [116]. Tan and coworkers introduced

ternary nucleic acid complexes, Liposome Polycation DNA (LPD) where nucleic acids are complexed by protamine before interaction Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with cationic liposomes to form a core nucleic acid complex surrounded by two lipid bilayers [155]. Sigma receptors are ion channel regulators overexpressed in several cancer types [156] Conjugation of the small molecular weight sigma receptor ligand anisamide, [157] to the distal end of ATPase PEG2000-DSPE allowed 70–80% luciferase silencing in an experimental lung metastasis model [113]. Moreover, parenteral injection of anisamide-armed LPD prepared with a combination of siRNA against Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the inhibitor of p53, MDM2 (Murine Double Minute 2), against the Cmyc oncogene and the other against the angiogenesis regulator, VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) were localized in tumors and allowed a 70–80% decrease in tumor load [68]. However, while the common Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sigma receptor agonist haloperidol and anisamide recognize sigma receptor type 1 and 2, only sigma receptor type 2 overexpression has been reported Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to be a prognostic indicator [158]. The latter has low expression in healthy tissues, suggesting a higher therapeutic index of sigma receptor 2 targeted therapies [158]. Indeed, binding of the sigma 2 receptor agonist SV119 Dacomitinib to its receptor induced cell death in vivo in a pancreatic

cancer model, and conjugation of SV119 to the surface of liposomes increased their uptake in vitro in cell lines including lung, breast, and prostate cancer carcinoma whereas no increased uptake in normal cells was reported [158]. 3. Biological Targets 3.1. Brain Tumor Targeting Brain tumors are a major concern for both primary brain and brain metastases from primary lung, melanoma, breast, and kidney cancers [159]. Therapy against brain cancers is challenging since the brain is largely isolated from the rest of the body by the blood brain barrier (BBB), a dense barrier of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and extracellular matrix which limits molecular transport into the brain [160].

Sex differences in screening library memory As a first step toward profiling the neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia we needed to establish a normative database of individuals who received the entire battery. While individual tests in the battery have each been standardized on differing normative samples, a rigorous characterization of any clinical population requires that both patients and controls be given the entire instrument under the same test configuration. When we compared the profile of men and women,

we noted similar performance in the executive domain of abstraction and mental flexibility and attention, but in verbal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical memory www.selleckchem.com/products/Erlotinib-Hydrochloride.html females outperformed males by a substantial margin (Figure 1). Figure 1. Sex differences. A. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Sex differences in neurocognitive profile. ABF, abstraction and mental flexibility; ATT, attention; VMEM, verbal memory; SMEM, spatial memory; LAN, language reasoning; SPA, spatial processing; SEN, sensory; MOT, motor speed. B. Sex … The advantage of females in verbal memory was clearly evident at the rate at which they learned a new word list. They remembered more words after the first exposure to the list, and this Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical advantage was maintained after repeated exposures and throughout efforts to elicit recollection. Notably, item recognition

at the conclusion of testing was nearly identical for males and females. The males correctly recognized the words that they were exposed to when asked to pick them out from new Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical words. However, they had less access to them, compared with females, when attempting to recollect the word list. In contrast to the better performance on word memory, females did not differ from males in spatial memory. This could relate to their poorer performance in spatial tasks. For example, as can be seen in Figure 1, their performance on a spatial processing test was below that of males. The advent of functional neuroimaging has enabled a systematic investigation of neural Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical substrates for these sex differences in verbal memory. Initial studies of regional cerebral blood flow have revealed that, in addition to better Anacetrapib verbal memory, women have higher rates of resting regional

cerebral blood flow. We examined whether there are sex differences in the relationship between verbal episodic memory and resting cerebral blood flow.16 Twenty-eight healthy right-handed participants (14 male, 14 female) underwent a neuropsychological evaluation and a positron emission tomography (PET) [15]0-water study. Immediate and delayed recall was measured on the logical memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised, and on the California Verbal Learning Test. Resting cerebral blood flow (mL/100 g/min) was calculated for four frontal, four temporal, and four limbic regions of interest. Women had better immediate recall on both tasks. Sex differences in cerebral blood flow were found for temporal lobe regions.

This, along with comprehensive

pre- and post-testing of behavioral, cognitive, and neurobiological outcomes thought to be associated with the mechanism of motivation, would allow for the between-subjects isolation of the specific role that social motivation may play in producing ARQ197 FDA change among individuals with ASD. Such research would aid in uncovering the possible mechanistic role of social motivation in engendering change in social behavior, and in assessing the centrality of the social motivation hypothesis in explaining deficits in ASD. While this approach may run counter to the belief that whole “treatment packages” are necessary to produce change (and, indeed, this Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical may be so for macro-level change), it provides a venue in which to carefully specify the processes by which each component of intervention produces specific changes in social-communicative outcomes. Moreover, it is consonant with the emerging framework of lifelong neuroplastic change that may subtend change across domains of human neurocognitive and behavioral functioning.132 Third, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical having carefully isolated a potential mechanism and its proximal neurocognitive effects, lab-based efficacy studies of interventions built around these mechanisms should be conducted Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical using multi-trait, multi-method

assessment and well-defined and -controlled populations. While such studies have been criticized for lacking ecological validity,133 they are nonetheless valuable for addressing important considerations such as dose-response Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical curves associated with minimal and maximal treatment response, additive 17-AAG versus multiplicative effects of concurrent mechanisms, and

effects on auxiliary outcomes. Related to this, use of more sophisticated methodological approaches, such as dismantling studies, and statistical procedures, such as multilevel modeling,88 will allow us to make direct comparisons of active treatments and understand the timecourse Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of change across identified mechanisms and their outcomes. Additionally, these studies could also be applied to TD populations with familial risk of ASD or to those evincing some level of ASD psychopathology (ie, the broader autism phenotype134). Such studies would be useful in identifying the degree to which identified mechanisms of change are somewhat ”unique“ to ASD, or are representative of extreme version of more normative social psychopathological AV-951 processes (ie, transdiagnostic treatment processes). Finally, efficacious interventions based on well-defined mechanisms should be “scaled up” to “real-world” effectiveness studies. These studies should be implemented in community-based clinics recruiting representative samples of clinically referred populations with ASD. Such studies not only provide a test of ecological validity, but also allow for the use of existing practice as a “natural laboratory” to test questions that defy examination in controlled settings.

Consequently, the mentioned evaluation indices are mainly related to the performance of policy-makers. Nevertheless, considering the role of stakeholders in tobacco industry, measures taken by the government may fail without improving the stakeholders’ knowledge, attitude, and performance along with reducing their benefits. For instance, the emergency plan of the government to collect hookahs faced the vast opposition of teashop owners.    Creating employment is an issue of high priority

to the Iranian government Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and a factor of crucial significance in the implementation of the NCTCP. One of the indicators that emerged from the interviews was the creation of alternative employment opportunities Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for people whose livelihoods are associated with tobacco production, supply, and distribution. Another important indicator is the control of tobacco smuggling. Annually, 60 billion cigarettes are smoked in Iran.9 One-third of these cigarettes are smuggled.10 selleck chemical policies and strategies concerning tobacco smuggling can influence the accessibility of tobacco products. As is shown in table 3, the community attitudes can reduce the demand for tobacco and it is as an essential indicator to tobacco control. The community’s perception of tobacco control policies can influence the implementation and outcome of such policies; hence, an understanding

of the social context where tobacco control policies are to be put into action is an essential component Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of models for the implementation and evaluation of tobacco control programs.11,12 Similar to ITC evaluation indicator,13 impact and outcome indicators are the  important indicators at the community level. Community knowledge, attitude, and practice are the impact indicators. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The frequency of quitting tobacco and undergoing withdrawal treatment, the incidence of tobacco-related diseases, morbidity and mortality, and people’s

quality of life are examples Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of outcome indicators. One of the major problems in Iran and other Middle Eastern countries is hookah smoking as a recreational activity. Therefore, if the public attitude toward hookah smoking does not change, implementing the rule of banning the hookah and removing it from teahouses will be difficult. Therefore, the number of teahouses offering hookahs is an important indicator for evaluating the changes occurring in the stakeholders’ Brefeldin_A domain. The KAP of parents and their children toward hookah and the prevalence of hookah smoking in the general population, are important impact and outcome indicators for evaluating the implementation of the NCTCP. Conclusion Evaluation tools for each three target groups should be designed to accommodate all three levels of evaluation and be guided by tobacco control conventions and nationally tailored indicators. As our results demonstrate, we extracted 82 “GW-572016 applied indicators” that comprised all levels of evaluation in the three target groups. Conflict of Interest: None declared.

It seems that in the future, TAVI will not be offered to some of the most severely ill excellent validation patients who have had very short survival times despite successful TAVI. Screening is routinely performed for carotid and coronary atherosclerosis. Renal function is

evaluated and optimized if possible, and pulmonary function is critically assessed. Intraoperative management has progressed considerably with regard Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to stroke avoidance and pulmonary complications. Myocardial protection and management of the significant diastolic dysfunction routinely seen in these patients is better understood. Postoperative care has undergone a complete revolution in the last 10 years. Our patients receive care 24 hours a day by our in-house, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical full-time CV surgical intensivist team. This has led to superior management of the postoperative period. Programmatic goals to avoid ventilator-dependent pneumonia, ICU-acquired infections, sepsis, and excessive blood usage have all had incremental benefit. Aggressive and early management of hemodynamic instability with prompt availability Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of echocardiography has assisted these patients. Early mobilization, nutritional support, and a Sutent formal perioperative physical therapy program have aided recovery. Thus, significant improvements in care have lowered the historical

morbidity and mortality of these elderly patients. The commitment to a collaborative team-based approach is essential for the care of these critically ill patients. Expansion of Indications for TAVI Expanding the role of TAVI from treatment of inoperable patients with aortic stenosis to other less-sick populations has been studied in two randomized prospective trials. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical In the PARTNER Cohort A trial for high-risk patients, described in detail above, the conventional AVR results were competitive with TAVI at 1 year in terms of mortality.6 However, excess stroke and paravalvular leaks remain a

problem in TAVI patients. The ultimate magnitude Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of these problems and the risk of progressive aortic insufficiency will be answered by ongoing follow-up for the Cohort A, such as the 2-year data mentioned above for the Cohort B patients. In a study of stroke after TAVI in 253 patients, Tay et al.17 showed that while the incidence of stroke was highest in the first 24 hours, it remained high for 2 months post-procedure. Proposed mechanisms Entinostat for perioperative strokes included embolization of atheromatous or calcific debris and periprocedural hypotension. Later strokes were attributed to thrombus formation on the prosthesis or in periprosthetic spaces. The STACCATO trial18 compared transapical TAVI with surgical AVR in elderly patients (mean age: TAVI 80±3.6 and AVR 82±4.4 years), all of whom had severe aortic stenosis but who were otherwise not at an elevated risk for surgical AVR. The mean STS score was 3.3.

Figure 8 Detail from a miniature from Ibn Butlan’s Risalat da’wat al-atibba. Courtesy of L.A. Mayer Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem. Photo by Daniela Golan. This particular picture must have reached early modern Europe along with countless other texts of Middle-Eastern origin that sellckchem effectively spread the Arabic culture influence. It is quite obvious that such publications might have carved the stereotype Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of how an old wise physician must have looked. In 1669, and again in 1728, two similar portraits

of Sabethai Zvi (1626–1676), the Jewish mystic who proclaimed himself Messiah in 1648, were published (Figure 9). These portraits were supposedly made by an eye witness and were thus regarded by many as authentic.10,11 Whoever drew the Maimonides portrait in 1744 must have been aware of and possibly inspired by these. Figure 9 Portraits of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical “Sabetha Sebi”: from 1669 (left)10 and 1728 (right).11 WHO WAS THE ARTIST WHO DREW THE PORTRAIT? The artist’s identity is regretfully unknown. Ugolinus may have drawn it himself or hired a professional illustrator for the mission. Given the iconographic style similarity between the Maimonides portrait and the Wise Son as depicted in the famous illustration of the Four Sons (Figure 10), dated 1712, it seems plausible that the artists shared Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical some common influences. Figure 10 Giovanni Pellegrini (1675–1741): “Young Hannibal Swears Enmity to Rome”, 1731.

There is an exceptional intentional resemblance between Hannibal and the Wise Son (or Scholar) of the Amsterdam Haggada (right). Abraham ben Jacob, a convert to Judaism who illustrated the Amsterdam Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Haggada considered a milestone in the history of Hebrew printing, borrowed most of the illustrations from Mathaeus Merian, a Christian artist. Merian (1593–1650) produced a large number of popular engraved illustrations both for Bibles and history books between 1625 and 1630. It was from among these engravings that the illustrations for the Amsterdam Haggada were chosen.

The Wise Son is in fact Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Hannibal as engraved by Merian in a history book 12. It resembles even better Hannibal as drawn by the Venetian artist Giovanni Pellegrini (1675–1741) in 1731 (Figure 10). Apparently, Jewish readers in eighteenth-century Europe fully grasped the subtle intentions of Carfilzomib the illustrator and indeed associated utmost wisdom with the world-renowned iconic tactician Hannibal just as twentieth-century readers would have associated an image of Albert Einstein with immense third genius. The popularity of the illustrated Haggada with the Jews of Europe was enormous, and accordingly it was copied and recopied in succeeding haggadot printed in Europe and later in the United States well into the twentieth century. Whoever drew the Maimonides portrait used skillfully the same successful principles of iconographic illustrations incorporating all Maimonides’ characteristics that would have been expected by the target readers.