The purpose of this study is to determine the species richness (expressed as the number of species), biodiversity (the H′ index) and synecological structure of assemblages of water beetles living in clay pits and gravel pits. It also aims to identify the effect of physical and chemical parameters of water on the character of communities of beetles. The habitats were analyzed in the context of nature conservation. They are a

relatively uncommon and rarely studied subject, yet they are attractive environments for numerous species of beetles, including rare, threatened and thermophilous ones as well as other taxonomic groups. Materials and methods The analyzed area and research methods Field ON-01910 supplier studies on water beetles dwelling in ponds formed in excavation

pits were conducted at regular Mocetinostat molecular weight BMS202 clinical trial monthly intervals from May 1997 to October 1999. Forty-four ponds situated in the Masurian Lake District were investigated. The ponds were located in the following villages: Kronowo (53°52′42″E, 20°42′29″E), Mątki (53°49′31″E, 20°20′28″E), Giławy (53°43′37″N, 20°48′03″E), Parleza Mała (53°50′24″N, 21°01′02″E), Parleza Wielka (53°51′03″N–53°51′12″N, 21°00′26″E–21°00′37″E) and Najdymowo (53°52′18″N–53°52′27″N, 20°53′33″E–20°53′35″E) (Fig. 1). These ponds were a priori divided into two groups, clay and gravel, based on the pond substrate. There were differences between the ponds caused by four distinct types of environmental factors, as described by Pakulnicka (2008), i.e. type of substrate (clay, gravel), stage of formation of aquatic plants, which corresponds to different plant succession stages (young ponds without (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate any macrophytes, older ones with poorly grown but diverse vegetation, and mature ponds, in which the zone of emergent plants is composed of compact and almost uniform patches of reeds, dominated by Phragmites australis), surface area (from 30 m2 to 1 ha), and depth (0.5 to 10 m). Samples of fauna were collected from different depths: ranging from the ecotone layer

at about 5–10 cm deep, to 60 cm deep, which is where water beetles mostly occurred (Table 1). For the identification of the physical and chemical parameters which differentiated the analyzed ponds in terms of the substrate and succession stage, 12 representative man-made ponds were selected, from which water samples for physical and chemical assays were collected in the spring, summer and autumn. Fig. 1 Location of the study area: 1 Kronowo, 2 Mątki, 3 Giławy, 4, 5 Parleza Mała, 6, 7, 8 Parleza Wielka, 9, 10 Najdymowo Table 1 General characteristics of two groups of water ponds differing in kind of substrate Characteristic Clay pits Gravel pits Substrate Clay Sand Area 30 m2–1 ha 100 m2–0.5 ha Depth 1–10 m 0.

“The demographics of social media users-2012.” Retrieved 29/10/13, from http://​pewinternet.​org/​Reports/​2013/​Social-media-users/​The-State-of-Social-Media-Users.​aspx eMarketer learn more (2013) Social networking to reach half of the UK popluation this year. Retrieved 29/10/13, from http://​www.​emarketer.​com/​Article/​Social-Networking-Reach-Half-UK-Population-This-Year/​1010032 Emerson R (2011) Women use social media more than men: study. The IWR-1 datasheet Huffington Post, http://​www.​huffingtonpost.​com/​2011/​09/​23/​women-use-social-media-more_​n_​978498.​html. accessed 29/10/13 Facebook (2013) “Key facts.”

Retrieved 29/10/13, from http://​newsroom.​fb.​com/​Key-Facts Fanalyzer (2013, 28/01/13) “Demographic data—Facebook UK.” Retrieved9/10/13, from http://​www.​fanalyzer.​co.​uk/​demographics.​html Fernandez CV et al (2013) Attitudes of Canadian researchers toward the return to participants of incidental and targeted genomic findings obtained in Stattic research buy a pediatric research setting. Genet Med 15(7):558–564PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ferriere M, Van Ness B (2012) Return of individual research results and incidental findings in the clinical trials

cooperative group setting. Genet Med 14(4):411–416PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Firth HV et al (2011) The Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) study. Dev Med Child Neurol 53(8):702–703PubMedCrossRef Goyder J, Warriner K, Miller S (2002) Evaluating socio-economic status (SES) bias in survey nonresponse. J Off Stat 18(1):1–11 Groves RM et al (2000) Leverage-saliency theory of survey participation. Public Opin Q 64:299–308PubMedCrossRef Guskin E et al (2011) Pew research center’s project for excellence in journalism: the state of the news media 2011. Retrieved 15/11/13, from http://​stateofthemedia.​org/​2011/​network-essay/​data-page-5/​ Haga SB et al (2012) Public perspectives about pharmacogenetic testing and managing ancillary findings. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 16(3):193–197PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Internet World Stats (2012) World Internet Users and Population Stats. Retrieved 11/10/13, from http://​www.​internetworldsta​ts.​com/​stats.​htm

Janvier A et al (2012) The experience of families with children with Trisomy 13 and 18 in social networks. Pediatrics 130:293–298PubMedCrossRef Kerath SM et al (2013) Beliefs and attitudes towards Interleukin-3 receptor participating in genetic research—a population based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 13:114PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Klitzman R et al (2013) ‘Researchers’ views on return of incidental genomic research results: qualitative and quantitative findings. Genet Med 15(11):888–895 Leighton J et al (2012) The general public’s understanding and perception of direct-to-consumer genetic test results. Public Health Genom 15:11–21CrossRef Lohse B (2013) Facebook is an effective strategy to recruit low-income women to online nutrition education.

Table 2 Sample of research projects investigated consisting of single PhD studies except for MOUNT (cluster project #CB-839 mw randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# including ten PhD studies in nine different research groups), BFUEL (consisting of two PhD studies) and AQUA (consisting of four PhD studies and a synthesis study) Project acronym (number of interviews) Project (short title)

Discipline/field Country CARB (2) Carbon sequestration potential Ecosystem Sciences Panama MOUNT (2) Land use in mountain regions (MOUNTLAND) Various natural and Social Science fields Switzerland FOR (2) Drought impacts on forest development (Forest) Ecology Switzerland POLL (2) Ecosystem service pollination Ecology India LIV (1) Forest and livelihoods Forestry and Development Madagascar PALM (1) Oil palm expansion (Applied) Ecology Indonesia WAT (2) Water-related environmental services Physical Geography Kenya/Tanzania LEG (1) Crop-livestock systems Plant Nutrition Nicaragua BFUEL (3) Biofuel crop production: debates and impacts Sociology and Human Geography Ethiopia AQUA

(3) Water stress and management options Human and Physical Geography Switzerland Data collection Semi-structured interviews, research proposals GDC 973 and notes from informal meetings were used as sources of data. Over a period of 1.5 years and following the principles of theoretical sampling (Corbin and Strauss 2008; Glaser and Strauss 1967), 12 full and 4 complementing interviews were conducted, taking 40–110, and 30–50 min, respectively. Up to three researchers per project were very interviewed based

on their involvement in setting up and concretizing the project. Among the full interviews, seven were conducted with PhD students, and six with post-docs or senior scientists. The complementing short interviews were made with the supervising professors to capture their perspectives as well. Depending on the mother tongue of the interviewees, the interviews were held in Swiss German, German or English. All interviews were fully recorded and transcribed. Investigating sustainability understandings was one aspect of a broader study on how researchers conceive research for sustainable development. With respect to sustainability visions, the interviewees were asked to describe (1) the sustainability problem situation their projects referred to; (2) how they personally judged that situation with respect to sustainability; (3) what their personal, general understanding of sustainable development was; and (4) what conception of sustainable development or sustainable land use underlay the project from their point of view.

Only some entries with bacteriocin_II superfamily proteins (pfam01721) in the NCBI database matched two pediocin family proteins from Streptococcus bovis ATCC 700338 and Streptococcus mitis ATCC 6249 (EFM26697.1 and EFM30880.1). To our knowledge, only a Streptococcus uberis strain was shown to produce a pediocin-like bacteriocin named ubericin A [37]. Production of selleck products bacteriocins is widely distributed among strains of S. mutans. Lantibiotic-type mutacin production is sporadically detected from strains isolated from different origins; this strongly suggests the existence of a common genomic ancestor element for lantibiotic biosynthesis [6]. Comparative genomic analysis reported that dispensable genes exist and have been scattered

through horizontal genetic transfer in various S. mutans strains. These optional mobile genes may be selected when they provide competitiveness to the strains as in the case of bacteriocin production to compete with the numerous other bacterial species resident in the oral cavity [38]. Conclusion Two bacteriocins from S. mutans have been isolated and characterised in terms of molecular mass,

sequence and activity spectra. Mutacin F-59.1 is related to pediocin-like bacteriocins and is the first one shown to be produced by S. mutans. PARP inhibitor Mutacin D-123.1 appears identical to mutacin I in molecular mass and in the N-terminus sequence. Antibacterial activity spectra of these mutacins indicate promising potential application by inhibiting numerous bacterial pathogens. More research remains to be done to increase the low yields of mutacin production and purification. Methods Bacterial strains and media Streptococcus mutans 59.1 and 123.1 produce mutacins F-59.1 and D-123.1 respectively [8]. Micrococcus luteus ATCC 272 (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) was used as not the indicator strain for the mutacin activity assays. All bacteria were routinely grown aerobically at 37°C in TSBYE

made of TSB (Difco laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA) supplemented with 0.3% yeast extract (Becton Dickinson & Co., Cockeysville, MD, USA) or on TSAYE plates made of TSA (Difco) enriched with 0.3% yeast extract. Lactobacillus salivarius strain (provided by Sylvain Moineau, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada) was cultivated aerobically at 30°C in MRS medium (Oxoid, Nepean, ON, Canada). Other bacterial strains used for the inhibitory spectra determination are described in Mota-Meira et al. [7] and Morency et al. [8]. Staphylococcus carnosus was obtained from the strain collection of the Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics (Université Laval). Production of mutacins An overnight culture of the producing strain Streptococcus mutans 59.1 in TSBYE was used to DMXAA nmr inoculate (1% v/v) 2 L of supplemented whey permeate (SWP) consisting of cheese whey permeate 6% (w/v) (kind gift from Agropur Coop., Granby, QC, Canada) supplemented with 1% CaCO3 (Anachemia, Montréal, QC, Canada) and 2% yeast extract (Institut Rosell, Montréal, QC, Canada).

Study design A double

blind repeated measures design was employed where the subjects Pevonedistat datasheet ingested either the AOX treatment or a placebo version prior to completing the training session. In the 48 h leading up to these sessions the subjects were instructed to refrain from intense physical exercise in order to eliminate residual fatigue. The supplements were provided using a randomized and counterbalanced design. The subjects visited the laboratory on three occasions, firstly to record their physical characteristics and determine their 3 RM BS which was used to predict 1RM strength [1.06 × 3RM (kg) [30]]. On their second and third visits subjects completed the hypertrophic training session (HTS) which consisted of six sets of 70% of 1RM. The BS was performed with an Olympic barbell using a power rack (Body Maker, Nantong, China). The depth of the squat was controlled by placing the safety spot inserts of the squat rack device just below of the level the barbell when subject’s thighs were parallel to the ground. This acted as a feedback mechanism for the participant and researcher but participants were asked to refrain from “bouncing” on the parallel bars. The subjects were instructed to refrain from alcohol, foods with high AOX capacity and caffeine for 24 h prior to HTS. This information was in PD0332991 manufacturer a document which was read to each subject prior to commencement of participation in the study. Subjects recorded their

diet and were asked to replicate the same dietary intake 24 hrs prior to each session. Preliminary measures and familiarisation

On the subjects’ first visit, their body mass (kg) was measured using a balance beam (Weylux, England) and height (cm) with a stadiometer (Holtain Ltd). Subjects then undertook a warm on up on a cycle ergometer (Schroberer Rad MeBtechnik (SRM), Methocarbamol Weldorf, Germany), cycling at 1 watt·kgˉ1 for five min. The determination of the 3RM was followed according to methods previously described [31]. Briefly, it required approximately four to six sets to determine the 3RM with progressively heavier loads per set. Three min rest was allowed between each set and the 3RM was determined as the load lifted three times and when no extra weight could be added. The 3RM was used to predict 1RM for each participant. After a five min break a squat session of 10 repetitions at 70% 1RM load for five sets was performed. Experimental procedures and supplements Four hours prior to the HTS the subjects consumed 2 ml#x2219;kg−1 body mass of either the placebo mixture or AOX supplement [Lactaway©, Away Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia] containing 2.4 g#x2219;L of PYC in a randomised order. The placebo and AOX mixtures tasted and appeared the same. The participants and researchers were not aware of which this website substance was supplement or placebo until after the completion of the study when details were released by an independent person.

The fold has been linked to three different functions in bacteria: oxidoreductase, copper chaperone, or cell division factor. PcoA and CueO perform a particular case of oxidation activity of cuprous ions [35]. CueO is mainly found in Enterobacteria whereas PcoA is characteristic of Pseudomonadales and Xanthomonadales, being the presence of both proteins mutually exclusive. Evolution of copper homeostasis in gamma click here proteobacteria Diverse biochemical, genetic and crystallographic studies have been performed to characterize the different proteins involved in copper tolerance in gamma proteobacteria [11, 13, 15, 25, 33, 36]. In this paper we analyzed the

current copper homeostasis model, where BMN 673 concentration systems are the evolutionary and functional unit, from a phylogenomic perspective. It can be observed from our results that copper homeostatic systems do not behave as evolutionary units but particular species assemble different combinations of basic functions. To this website explain this behavior we propose that the process

by which bacteria handle copper can be compared to a metabolic pathway since organisms avoid free copper ions within the cell by developing copper translocation routes based in precise sequences of specific protein-protein interactions [16–18]. There are currently different models aimed at explaining the evolution of metabolic pathways. The patchwork hypothesis postulates that duplication of genes encoding primitive and promiscuous enzymes (capable of catalyzing various reactions) allows each descendant enzyme to specialize in one of the ancestral reactions, this model considers the chemical mechanism as dominant [37]. Alternatively, the retrograde hypothesis suggests that, in the case where a substrate tends to be depleted, gene duplication can provide an enzyme capable of supplying the exhausted substrate, GPX6 giving rise to homologous enzymes catalyzing consecutive reactions

with the implicit assumption that substrate specificity is dominant [38]. Assuming that the selectable phenotype would be the control of copper concentration in the cellular space in response to its availability, the fitness value would rely first on the ability of proteins for copper binding (a trait previously and independently acquired) and then on the affinity and specificity of protein-protein interactions. Following these considerations, we propose two alternative hypotheses for the evolution of copper homeostasis in gamma proteobacteria: 1) Function is dominant. 2) Protein-protein interaction is dominant. In the first case and assuming each protein fulfills a specific function among the three known for copper homeostasis proteins in bacteria, its occurrence in a repertoire will be determined by functional complementation and not by stringent protein-protein interactions.

Tamponde + through-and-through laceration of the RV, stapled and transferred to OR CPB, staples had occluded the PDA, the wound in close proximity. Staples removed, wound sutured. Intraoperative fluorescence coronary angiography showed widely patent PDA   [16] Fedalen et al. (2001), J Trauma, USA. Case report 30 yr male, isolated

SW to left anterior chest wall Tension pneumothorax, RAAS inhibitor hypotension, GDC-0941 research buy cardiac tamponade. Transfer to OR Median sternotomy, proximal laceration of LAD with posterior wall of the vessel intact. OPCAB with SVG, intraluminal shunt. Laceration used as anastomotic site. Discharge at postop day 8   [17] Fulton et al. (1997), Ann Thorac Surg, South Africa. Case report 61 yr male, a single SW in right 2nd ic space parasternally. History of right-sided empyema 18 yrs ago treated by thoracotomy and decortication Stable, enlargened mediastinum at chest X-ray. Arcography showed laceration to innominate artery, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery. Distal cannulation, repair in deep hypothermic arrest Uneventful postoperatively, discharge at day 10   [18] Hibino et al. (2003), Journal of Cardiac Surgery, Japan. Case report 39 yr male, LY3023414 price SW anterior chest wall, suicide attempt. Median sternotomy at OR. Injury of the right ventricular

outflow tract, repair without CPB 2 yr after aorto-right ventricular fistula (dyspnea), repair with patch and AVR. The authors suggest long term follow-up to detect unindentified lesions   [19] Ito et al. (2009), Gen Thorac Cardiovasc

Surg, Japan. Case report 51 yr male, SW in left 5th ic space with check details the ice pick still in place, suicidal attempt Ice pick was moving synchronously with heart beat, echo showed tip in right ventricle, cardiac tamponade CPB, mattress stich. Heart murmur day 12, 5mm ventricular septal defect detected. No surgery, follow up   [20] Jodati et al. (2011), Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, Iran. Case report 24 yr construction worker, shortness of breath and palpitations, unaware of the pneumatic nailgun injury Nail through RV outflow tract, interventricular septum, through the mitral valve at TEE and CT. Median sternotomy, CPB. Entry point on RV, nail tip barely visible, not exit wound after LA was opened. Nail removed, anterior leaflet of mitral valve repaired. Discharge at postop day 5   [21] Kang et al. (2009), Injury, New Zealand/Canada. Review Review about causes of penetrating cardiac injury, pathophysiology, sequelae, initial and operative management Hihglighted key points for every section, outlining of prognostic factors Few other conditions in medicine are as lethal; death occurs from cardiac tamponade or exsanguination; the greatest danger is missing the dgn; resuscitation is of limited value; immediate operative intervention is the only meaningful treatment   [22] Karin et al. (2001), Eur J Emerg Med, Israel. Case report and literature review 1. 29 yr male with single SW in left chest. 2.

The current study identifies the most effective dose of OFI to stimulate

post exercise insulin secretion to be 1000mg of aqueous extract of prickly pear (OpunDiaTM). It may be a promising Kinase Inhibitor Library purchase and safe ingredient for the development of dietary and sports supplements with insulin secreting activity. Thus, OpunDiaTM might act as a “recovery agent” to stimulate post exercise muscle glycogen and protein resynthesis. Additional studies are requested to test the hypothesis that ingestion of OFI-extract together with carbohydrates can stimulate post-exercise muscle glycogen selleckchem resynthesis, indeed. References 1. Van Proeyen K, Ramaekers M, Pischel I, Hespel P: Opuntia ficus-indica ingestion stimulates peripheral disposal of oral glucose before and after exercise in healthy males. IJSNEM 2012, in press.”
“Background Beta-hydoxy-beta-methyl butyrate (HMB) when given over a two-week period of time (loading phase) has been demonstrated to decrease skeletal muscle damage, and improve recovery. However, few studies have investigated its acute effects on muscle damage and recovery. Therefore the purpose

of this investigation was to determine the effects of short term free acid HMB (HMB-FA) supplementation selleck products on serum indices of muscle damage and perceived recovery following a high volume, muscle damaging training session. Methods Twenty resistance trained males aged 21.3 ± 1.9 years with an average squat, bench press, and deadlift of 1.7± 0.2, 1.38 ± 1.9 and 2.07 ± 2.7 times their bodyweight were recruited for the study. Two weeks prior

to and throughout the study subjects were placed on a diet consisting of 25 % protein, 50 % carbohydrates, and 25 % fat by a registered dietician who specialized in sport (RD, LDN, CISSN). All subjects participated in a high volume resistance training session consisting of 3 sets of full squats, bench press, deadlifts, pull-ups, bent over rows, shoulder press, barbell curls and triceps extensions. Prior to the exercise Sinomenine session subjects were randomly assigned to receive either a 3 g per day of HMB-FA (Combined with Food-grade orange flavors and sweeteners) or a placebo (Food-grade orange flavors and sweeteners) divided equally into servings given 30 minutes prior to exercise and with two separate meals on day 1. They were then instructed to consume the same amount of HMB-FA or placebo divided into breakfast, lunch and dinner on day two. Immediately prior to the exercise session and 48 hours post exercise, serum creatine kinase (CK), testosterone, cortisol, and perceived recovery scale (PRS) measurements were taken. Perceived Recovery Status consists of values between 0-10, with 0-2 being very poorly recovered with anticipated declines in performance, 4-6 being low to moderately recovered with expected similar performance, and 8-10 representing high perceived recovery with expected increases in performance.

Hence, the pilicides block the formation of pili by preventing a DSE reaction. Pilicides bind to the hydrophobic patch of residues located in the F1, C1, D1 region of the N-terminal domain conserved in all chaperones [23]. This region encompasses part of the F1-G1 loop which is structurally rearranged during the formation Androgen Receptor antagonist of the chaperone-subunit complex (DSC reaction). The dynamic nature of this region is also reflected in the pilicide binding modes observed in the crystal structures of the pilicide in the complex with a free PapD chaperone

or the PapD-PapH complex [23, 24]. Although, pilicide interactions with conserved I93, located at the end of the β-strand F1, with L32 and with the V56 patch are preserved in these two structures, the electrostatic interactions between R96, located within the loop F1-G1, and R58 residues and carboxyl and carbonyl groups of pilicide are broken as a consequence of the PapH binding to the PapD [24]. The important differences in the structure of the F1-G1 hairpin and the mechanism of

DSC reaction observed between the FGS and FGL assembly systems might potentially affect pilicide binding. This gives rise to the question as to whether pilicides that were originally designed on the basis of the structure of the FGS-type PapD and FimC chaperones and were evaluated as inhibitors of the biogenesis of the P and type 1 pili are also active in respect of the FGL

assembly pathway. In this study, we GSK1120212 chemical structure addressed a question denoting the activity of pilicides Capmatinib manufacturer as inhibitors of the assembly of the Dr fimbriae encoded by the dra operon of uropathogenic E. coli – the model of the FGL-type adhesive structures [25, 26]. These organelles are homopolymers of a single DraE subunit, the structure Edoxaban of which has three receptor binding sites interacting with the following host-cell molecules: Dra blood-group antigen presented on the CD55/decay-accelerating factor (DAF), the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cellular adhesion molecules and the 7S domain of basement membrane protein type IV collagen [27–29]. The assembly of Dr fimbriae is dependent on the action of the DraB chaperone and the DraC usher [17]. The data presented in this article are also important from the epidemiology point of view, as uropathogenic E. coli Dr+ strains are responsible for 20–25% of cases of cystitis and 30% of pyelonephritis in pregnant woman [30]. Methods General synthesis of pilicides The reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The analytical TLC was performed on aluminum sheets of silica gel UV-254 (Merck). The flash chromatography was carried out using Zeochem silica gel with particle size of 40–63 microns. The NMR spectra 1H and 13C were recorded at Varian Gemini 200 and Varian Unity Plus 500 in CDCl3 or DMSO. The melting points are uncorrected.

Plant Ecol 149:181–193CrossRef Kessler M (2001a) Pteridophyte species richness in Andean forests in Bolivia. Biodivers Conserv 10:1473–1495CrossRef Kessler M (2001b) Patterns of diversity and range size of selected plant groups along an elevational transect in the Bolivian Andes. Biodivers Conserv 10:1897–1921CrossRef Kessler M, Keßler PJA, Gradstein SR et al (2005) Tree diversity in primary forest and find more different land use systems in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodivers Conserv 14:547–560CrossRef Kessler M, Abrahamczyk S, Bos M et al (2009) Alpha and beta diversity

of plants and animals along a tropical land-use gradient. Ecol Appl 19:2142–2156PubMedCrossRef Kluge J, Kessler M, Dunn RR (2006) What drives elevational patterns of diversity? www.selleckchem.com/products/selonsertib-gs-4997.html A test of geometric constraints, climate and species pool effects for pteridophytes on an elevational gradient in Costa Rica. GSK2399872A solubility dmso Global Ecol Biogeogr 15:358–371CrossRef Kluge J, Bach K, Kessler M (2008) Elevational distribution and zonation of tropical pteridophyte assemblages in Costa Rica. Basic Appl Ecol 9:35–43CrossRef Legendre P, Legendre L (1998) Numerical Ecology, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 557–558 McCain CM (2009) Global analysis of bird elevational diversity. Global Ecol Biogeogr 18:346–360CrossRef McCune B,

Mefford MJ (1999) PC-ORD: multivariate analysis of ecological data. Version 5.0. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach Oksanen J, Kindt R, Legendre P et al (2008) Vegan: community ecology package. R package version 1.16-2. http://​www.​vegan.​r-forge.​r-project.​org

Putz FE (1984) The natural history of lianas on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecol 65:1713–1724CrossRef Putz FE, Chai P (1987) Ecological studies of lianas in Lambir National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. J Ecol 75:523–531CrossRef Richards PW (1996) The tropical rain forest, vol 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Ricklefs RE (2004) A comprehensive framework for global patterns in biodiversity. Ecol Lett 7:1–15CrossRef Selleckchem CHIR 99021 Rosenzweig ML, Ziv Y (1999) The echo pattern of species diversity: pattern and processes. Ecography 22:614–628CrossRef Ros-Tonen MAF (2000) The role of non-timber forest products in sustainable tropical forest management. Holz Roh Werkst 58:196–201CrossRef Schnitzer SA, Bongers F (2002) The ecology of lianas and their role in forests. Trends Ecol Evol 17:223–230CrossRef Schnitzer SA, Carson WP (2001) Treefall gaps and the maintenance of species diversity in a tropical forest. Ecol 82:913–919CrossRef Schulze CH, Waltert M, Keßler PJA et al (2004) Biodiversity indicator groups of tropical land-use systems: comparing plants, birds, and insects. Ecol Appl 14:1321–1333CrossRef Siebert SF (1993) The abundance and site preferences of rattan (Calamus exilis and Calamus zollingeri) in two Indonesian national parks.