Methods 4-Nitrophenol, hydrochloroauric acid trihydrate (HAuCl4 · 3H2O), sodium borohydride, and (+)-catechin hydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Carbon-coated copper grids (carbon type-B, 300 mesh) were purchased from Ted Pella (Redding, CA, USA). The RTESP AFM probe (MPP-11100-10, premium high-resolution tapping mode silicon probe) was obtained buy KPT-8602 from Bruker Nano (Santa Barbara, CA, USA). Mica (grade V-1, 25 mm × 25 mm length, 0.15 mm thick) was purchased from SPI Supplies Division of Structure Probe (West Chester, PA, USA). All the other reagents were of analytical grade. The UV-visible spectra were recorded

using a Shimadzu UV-2600 with a quartz Selleck INK1197 cuvette (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The HR-TEM images were acquired with a JEM-3010 (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) operated at 300 kV. The AFM images were obtained using a Dimension® Icon® (Bruker Nano, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) operated under tapping mode. The sample-loaded mica

and copper grids were dried in a 60°C oven overnight before the analyses. The FE-SEM images were collected in a JSM-7100 F SEM using an accelerating voltage of 15 kV (JEOL). ICP-MS analysis was performed in an ELAN 6100 (Perkin-Elmer SCIEX, Waltham, MA, USA). The ICP-MS samples were prepared using centrifugation. The centrifugation of catechin-AuNPs was performed at 12,300 × g for 40 min, and the supernatant containing the unreacted Au3+ was used for ICP-MS analysis. The total concentration of Au3+ of the catechin-AuNPs solution was also measured using ICP-MS. The average value of the three measurements was used to determine the yield. For HR-XRD analyses, the catechin-AuNP solution A-1155463 research buy was centrifuged at 12,300 × g for 40 min to remove the supernatant. The pellet was pooled and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried samples were prepared with a FD5505 freeze dryer (Il Shin Bio, Seoul, Korea). A Bruker D8 Discover high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) equipped with a CuKα radiation source (λ = 0.1541 nm) was used in the range of 20° to 90° (2θ scale). The stock solutions of HAuCl4 · 3H2O (0.5 mM) and catechin (0.5 mM) were

prepared using deionized water. Then, Glutathione peroxidase 600 μL of HAuCl4 · 3H2O (0.5 mM) was placed in a 5-mL glass vial with 200 μL of deionized water, and catechin (0.5 mM, 200 μL) was subsequently added to this solution. The reaction mixture was then further incubated under ambient temperature (26°C) for 1 h. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles was monitored through the acquisition of UV-visible spectra. To evaluate the catalytic activity of the catechin-AuNPs, the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP in the presence of NaBH4 was performed. The catalytic reduction of 4-NP was conducted in aqueous solution under ambient temperature (26°C), and UV-visible spectra were measured in a quartz cuvette. The 4-NP solution (899.9 μL, 0.15 mM) was mixed with deionized water (450.1 μL). Then, freshly prepared NaBH4 (1.65 mL, 5.5 mM) was added.

Patients

were required to have adequate bone marrow (absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1,500/ul, GANT61 in vivo HB ≥ 10 g/L, platelet count ≥ 80,000/ul), renal (serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 mg/dl) and liver (serum bilirubin ≤ 1.5 mg/dl) functions, normal cardiac function, ECOG performance status ≤ 2, no nausea in the 24 h prior to beginning olanzapine or chemotherapy, no severe cognitive compromise, no known history of CNS disease (e.g., uncontrolled brain metastases, seizure disorder), no antipsychotic disease, no concurrent abdominal radiotherapy, no know hypersensitivity to olanzapine, no history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, no concurrent medical disease. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the trial. Study design and antiemetic treatment All eligible patients were randomized into test group and control group according to the random digits table. On the day of chemotherapy, day 1, the test group patients received the antiemetic regimen consist of olanzapine 10 mg

p.o., azasetron 10 mg, i.v. and dexamethasone 10 mg i.v., the control group patients received a standard pre-treatment Dibutyryl-cAMP cost antiemetic regimen consist of azasetron 10 mg, i.v. and dexamethasone 10 mg, i.v. Day 2-5, the test group patients received olanzapine 10 mg p.o., the control group patients received dexamethasone 10 mg, i.v.. Patients were permitted to take other antiemetic therapy for nausea and/or emesis based on clinical

circumstances. Study endpoints The primary selleck compound endpoint was CR, the second endpoint was QoL, drug safety and toxicity. CINV was graded by CTCAE V 3.0, QoL was evaluated according to EORTC QLQ-C30. Assessment procedures All of the enrolled patients whose data such as age, sex, height, weight should be recorded underwent a complete physical examination, laboratory assessment (i.e. blood analysis, liver function, renal function, blood glucose, blood lipids) before chemotherapy. At days 1-5 postchemotherapy patients used the observation table of CINV to record the Adenosine triphosphate response of the patients (mainly recorded the degree of CINV, as well as whether to take the remedial treatment to relieve nausea and vomiting), at same time patients were instructed to fill the EORTC QLQ-C30 QoL observation table on day 0 and day 6. Statistical analyses Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS14.0. The percentage of patients with complete response for acute period, delayed period and the overall period (0-120 h postchemotherapy) was calculated separately in test group and control group, as well as every level of nausea and vomiting. The X2 test was utilized to analyze complete response. The Wilcoxon-signed rank test was used to compare QoL data before and after chemotherapy. Student’s t-test was used to compare parametric QoL data postchemotherapy between groups.

Elongations 30–150 μm long from last side branch, with numerous guttules, appearing verrucose under low magnification,

becoming fertile. Structure of conidiophores examined after 6–18 days. Simple conidiophores or shrubs around the agar plug of a short stipe with 1–3 main axes to ca 75 μm long, bearing several asymmetric or paired 1–4(–6) celled MK5108 research buy terminal branches with phialides solitary or in whorls of 2–5. Pustules of a loose reticulum with right-angled branching. Branches mostly unpaired, with numerous free ends bearing terminal whorls of phialides and minute conidial heads <15 μm. Conidiophores 2–5 μm wide, with side branches increasing in length selleck products from the top in a short distance, resulting in broad structures. Branching points often thickened to 6 μm. Phialides

arising from cells 2–3 μm wide. Conidiophores appearing verrucose with age due to fine guttules. Phialides (4–)5–9(–12) × (2.0–)2.3–2.8(–3.3) μm, l/w = (1.5–)2.0–3.7(–5.0), (1.3–)1.7–2.3(–2.6) μm wide at the base (n = 70), narrowly lageniform to subulate, often inaequilateral, widest in or below the middle. Conidia (1.8–)2.5–3.2(–4.0) × (1.8–)2.0–2.4(–2.6) μm, l/w = (1.0–)1.2–1.5(–1.7) (n = 100), subglobose, ellipsoidal or attenuated at one end, individually nearly colourless, light (yellowish) green in mass, smooth, with few minute guttules; (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate scar indistinct. At 15 and 30°C no or limited irregular growth; hyphae distorted or forming pegs. On MEA growth substantially faster than on the above media, after 2 weeks R428 chemical structure mycelium covering the plate nearly completely. Colony finely zonate, with greenish pustules 0.3–1.5 mm diam on the entire plate, concentrated in thick concentric zones; smaller pustules translucent, larger opaque. Pustule stipe and primary branches 7–8 μm wide. Conidiophores (= main axes) projecting to 0.5 mm from pustule margins, 3–4(–5) μm wide, 2–3.5 toward

ends. Main axes richly rebranching, with side branches mostly 80–150 μm long, increasing in length from the top in a short distance, causing broad dense structures. Branches mostly in right angles or slightly inclined upward, paired or not; branching points often thickened to 7(–8) μm. Phialides solitary or distinctly divergent in whorls of 2–5; conidia formed in minute wet heads <15 μm diam, soon drying. Phialides lageniform, less commonly ampulliform, often inaequilateral, widest in or below the middle. Conidia subhyaline to greenish yellow, light green in mass, ellipsoidal, less commonly subglobose or pyriform, smooth, with few minute guttules; scar indistinct. Measurements of phialides and conidia combined with those on SNA. Asynchronous development of conidiation within pustules.

To our knowledge, this is the first description of enterococci isolated from fresh milk of healthy canine, feline and porcine hosts. Some E. faecium and E. faecalis strains from colostrum and milk of healthy women have been described previously [14–16, 47]. In relation to ewe’s milk, a pilot study showed that enterococci were present in excess of 2 × 102 CFU/ml in 15% of the samples of unpasteurized milk from goats and ewes in England and Wales [48]. Other study focused on the identification of indigenous lactic acid bacteria in four samples of fresh ewe’s raw milk and four samples

of derived artisanal cheese from Argentina revealed that 48% and 59%, respectively, of the isolates obtained belonged to the genus Enterococcus[49]. The E. faecalis strains analyzed in this work possessed Autophagy Compound Library purchase PCI-34051 price some potential virulence determinants, including all

the sex pheromone determinants, but the gene encoding cytolysin (cylA) could only be Crenolanib detected in 7 strains. The results for the rest of the enterococcal genes were variable depending on the strains. On the other hand, only the efaA fm gene could be detected among the E. faecium isolates. These results are similar to those obtained in previous studies with enterococcal strains isolated from human colostrum and milk [14–16]. The role of adhesin EfaA fm in virulence has not yet been demonstrated, in contrast to the Esp surface protein. In the absence

of other virulence determinants, presence of efaA fm seems to have no value as a risk indicator since this gene was also found in 100% of starter E. faecium strains with a long record of safe use in food [22]. The results also agree with those obtained in other studies focused on foodborne enterococci in the sense that E. faecalis strains harbor multiple virulence determinants with a much higher incidence than in other enterococcal species [23]. A great diversity of E. faecalis and E. faecium clones were detected circulating in the milk environments Branched chain aminotransferase of different origins including three that have not been described previously. Some of the clones were common in different animal species as it was the case of E. faecalis-ST21, which was detected among porcine and feline isolates, or E. faecalis-ST9 among porcine and ovine ones. The sequence types found among the human isolates were only observed in milk samples of this origin. It is of interest to remark that two of the STs detected among E. faecalis strains of porcine or feline origin are included in clonal complexes (CC16 and CC21) that are frequently detected in human infections in Europe [50]. In addition, it should be highlighted that the hospital-associated lineages of E. faecalis (ST21 and ST16) and E.

4. For instance, the reaction center of the purple bacterium Rb. sphaeroides has three distinct absorption bands assigned to the Qy bands of the primary bacteriochlorophylls (BChls), accessory BChls, and bacteriopheophytins

(Bpheos), named the P, B, and H bands. However, the excitonically coupled states contain the properties of electronic states from different molecules, and they are correlated to some extent. The notations P, B and H denote only the major contributing GDC-0068 cost molecules to each state. The recently developed 2C3PEPS method is suitable for investigating Selleckchem Evofosfamide such correlated electronic states when the states are of different energies. The more correlation between

the states, the larger the peak shift signal generated, as an extended concept of 1C3PEPS. In practice, the 2C3PEPS experiment is performed using one wavelength for the first two laser pulses and a different wavelength for the last pulse in a setup similar to that in Fig. 2. If the first two pulses are at a higher energy than the last one, the experiment is called “downhill” and if lower, it is called “uphill.” In particular, 2C3PEPS enables us to directly determine the coupling constant, J, between the two coupled states, i.e., the off-diagonal Staurosporine clinical trial elements of the Hamiltonian, without prior knowledge about the site energies of the pigments in the protein matrix. That is, it allows researchers to differentiate between broadening sources (3) and (4) described in the Introduction. J is related to the mixing angle (θ) by : $$ \tan (2\theta ) = \fracJ\varepsilon_a – \varepsilon_b , $$where ε a and ε b are the monomer energies (or site energies in protein matrix) of molecules a and b, respectively. The mixing angle can be obtained from the experimental mixing coefficient, \( C_\mu \nu \): $$ C_\mu \nu = 2\sin^2 \theta \cos^2 \theta \approx \frac\tau^_* _\mu \nu

(T)\tau^*_\mu \nu (T) + \frac12\kappa \left( \tau_\mu (T) + \tau_\nu (T)\kappa^3 \right), $$where \( \kappa = \tau^*_\mu \nu (T)/\tau^*_\nu \mu (T) \) (Mancal and Fleming 2004). As can be seen in the notation of Fig. 4, \( \tau^*_\mu (T)\;\textand\;\tau^*_\nu #randurls[1 (T) \) represent the 1C3PEPS values for upper and lower excitonic states, respectively, and \( \tau^*_\mu \nu (T)\;\textand\;\tau^*_\nu \mu (T) \) represent uphill and downhill 2C3PEPS, respectively. The value of J can be determined using the following equation based on the difference in energy between the two observed exciton states: $$ E_\mu – E_\nu = 2J\sqrt 1 + \left( \frac1\tan (2\theta ) \right)^2 . $$ Fig. 4 Energy diagram for an excitonically coupled system.

47. Kandler O, Norbert W: Regular, Nonsporing Gram-positive Rods. In Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 2. Edited by: Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1986:1208–1260. 48. Watanabe K, Nagao N, Tatsuki Toda T, Kurosawa N: The dominant bacteria shifted from the order “”Lactobacillales”"to Bacillales and Actinomycetales during ZD1839 cell line a start-up period of large-scale, completely-mixed composting reactor using plastic bottle flakes as bulking agent. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009, 25:803–811.CrossRef 49. Visessanguan W, Benjakul S, Potachareon W, Panya A, Riebroy S: Accelerated

proteolysi of soy protein during fermentation of thua-nao inoculated with Bacillus subtilis . J Food Biochem 2005, 29:349–366.CrossRef 50. Yu H, Zeng G, Huang H, Xi X, Wang R, Huang D, Huang G, Li J: Microbial community succession and lignocellulose degradation during agricultural waste composting. Biodegradation 2007,18(6):793–802.PubMedCrossRef 51. Ryckeboer J, Mergaert J, Vaes K, Klammer S, De Clercq D,

Coosemans J, Insam H, Swings J: A survey of bacteria and fungi occurring during composting and self-heating processes. Ann Microbiol 2003, 53:349–410. 52. Dees PM, Ghiorse WC: Microbial diversity in hot synthetic compost as revealed by PCR-amplified rRNA sequences from cultivated isolates and extracted DNA. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2001,35(2):207–216.PubMedCrossRef MK0683 53. Wagner A, Blackstone N, Cartwright P, Dick M, Misof B, Snow P, Wagner GP, Bartels J, Myosin Murtha M, Pendleton J: Surveys of gene families using polymerase chain reaction: PCR selection and PCR drift. SystBiol 1994, 43:250–261. Authors’ contributions PP constructed

the clone libraries, participated in the sequence analysis and drafted the manuscript. JH participated in the sequence analysis, did the community comparison analysis and drafted the manuscript. LP participated in the design of the study and helped with sequencing. PA participated in the design of the study and helped draft the manuscript. MR designed the study and helped draft the manuscript. All authors read and HDAC inhibitor approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Several genera of soil bacteria can enter into nitrogen-fixing symbioses with leguminous plants. These genera, commonly referred to as the ‘rhizobia’, include Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Azorhizobium. Formation of specialized, microaerophilic nodules on the roots of the host plant are elicited by the bacteria. Following infection and colonization of the nodule tissue, the bacteria undergo differentiation into a mature state known as the bacteroid, which can reduce atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia. Bacteroid metabolism is dominated by the production of fixed nitrogen, which is transferred directly to the host plant.

Lower panel: Relative expression intensities of DC surface marker expression are given as mean fluorescence intensities (MFIs), normalized to the MFI of unstimulated or stimulated MO-DCs left untreated. Data represent

the means ± SEM of 4-5 independent experiments each. (b) Contents of IL-6 and IL-12p40 in the FG-4592 ic50 supernatants of harvested MO-DC populations were assayed by ELISA. Data represent means ± SEM of 10 independent Elafibranor experiments each. nd: not detectable. Statistical significance: (a) *versus untreated MO-DCs, (b) *versus unstimulated untreated MO-DCs, #GA-treated at stimulated versus unstimulated state. (a, b) *P < 0.05, ##,** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. MO-DCs at an unstimulated state expressed the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12 at low levels, but at high extent after stimulation (Figure 2b). GA treatment alone exerted no effect on the production of either mediator by MO-DCs under basal conditions. However, when coapplied during stimulation,

GA attenuated the otherwise activation-associated increase of either cytokine. Taken together, these findings suggest that GA differentially affects the immuno-phenotype of MO-DCs, depending on their state of activation. GA impairs the migratory capacity of MO-DCs Enhanced migratory activity constitutes another hallmark of activated DCs. This functional property is regulated in part by the actin-bundling protein fascin (Fscn)1 [22], which also serves to promote DC/T cell interaction as a prerequisite for T cell stimulation [23]. Expression of Fscn1 in unstimulated HSP inhibitor MO-DCs was slightly reduced after treatment with GA, and its stimulation-associated upregulation was strongly inhibited in MO-DCs cotreated with GA during stimulation Forskolin manufacturer (Figure 3a). These results suggested

detrimental effects of GA on the cytoskeletal plasticity of MO-DCs, which in turn may alter their migratory capacity. To this end, we performed migration assays in 3D collagen gels, intended to mimic the in vivo environment [24]. Unstimulated MO-DCs were not affected by GA pretreatment in their spontaneous migration in terms of distance covered during the time monitored (Figure 3b). While stimulated MO-DCs were characterized by an enhanced mobility, cotreatment with GA during stimulation resulted in a diminished migratory activity in terms of distance covered and speed. Figure 3 GA impairs the migratory activity of stimulated MO-DCs. Groups of MO-DCs were generated as described (see legend of Figure 2). (a) Expression of the actin-bundling protein Fscn1 was assessed by intracellular flow cytometry. Data represent the means ± SEM of MFI intensities of 6 independent experiments. (b) Spontaneous migration of MO-DC populations in 3D collagen matrices was monitored for 6 h by time lapse analysis in intervals of 2 min. Graphs represent the means ± SEM of around 80 MO-DCs per group individually tracked in two independent experiments compiled.

When soluble extracts were examined by gel permeation combined with fluorescence and Western blot analysis, soluble PdhS-mCherry proteins were identified as a single peak, with a predicted molecular weight between 669 kDa and 20,000 kDa, the upper limit of the fractionation range (Additional file 2, Figure S2). This suggests that the

fusion is able to form multimers with a defined number of monomers, further implying that PdhS-mCherry is folded. Using yeast two-hybrid CHIR-99021 assays, it was recently shown that B. abortus PdhS was able to this website interact with FumC through its amino-terminal domain [18], and with DivK through its carboxy-terminal domain [17]. Interestingly, FumC from Caulobacter CDK inhibition crescentus did not interact with B. abortus PdhS [18]. When B. abortus FumC-YFP and DivK-YFP fusions were produced with PdhS-mCherry, colocalization of YFP and mCherry fluorescence signals was observed in mid stationary phase E. coli cells (Fig. 6A, C). Interestingly, both fluorescence signals were overlapping, further suggesting that the shift in fluorescence

signals observed between PdhS-mCherry and IbpA-YFP (Fig. 4) was not an artefact. As a control, we checked that C. crescentus FumC did not colocalize with PdhS-mCherry (Fig. 6B). The ability of PdhS-mCherry to recruit B. abortus DivK-YFP and FumC-YFP but not C. crescentus FumC-YFP suggests that the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of PdhS were at least partially folded. Figure 6 PdhS-mCherry fusion is still able to recruit known partners. PdhS-mCherry localization with (A) B. abortus FumC-YFP, (B) Caulobacter crescentus FumC-YFP, and (C) B. abortus DivK-YFP. Bacteria were cultivated until middle stationary culture phase. Scale bar: 2 μm. All micrographic images were taken with the same magnification. Discussion We report that, when overproduced in E. coli, B. abortus PdhS fused to mCherry

is able to form intermediate aggregates of soluble proteins resembling previously reported “”non-classical”" IB [3, 15], before forming “”classical”" IB. These intermediate aggregates Anidulafungin (LY303366) are very different from “”classical”" IB because they are soluble, are quickly removed when bacteria are placed in rich medium (Fig. 2A), do not systematically colocalize with IbpA-YFP (Fig. 3B) and are still able to recruit known PdhS partners (Fig. 6). The observation of “”intermediate”" aggregates of soluble proteins does not fit with a simple model of IB formation in which unfolded proteins precipitate to form IB immediately after translation. Our observations thus suggest that some proteins could form aggregates of folded and soluble polypeptides before their precipitation into “”classical”" IB.

2010). The community dominance of Fagaceae is a common phenomenon throughout Malesia. The species density and evolutionary centres of the tropical genera Castanopsis and Lithocarpus are situated in Western Malesia (Manos and Stanford 2001; Cannon and Manos 2003), with highest numbers of species and endemism in Borneo (Soepadmo 1972). Forest surveys at mid-montane elevations over quaternary and sedimentary substrates on Mt Kinabalu,

Borneo, showed that the Fagaceae p38 inhibitors clinical trials were represented with 9 and 20 species, respectively, including the genera Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus and Trigonobalanus (Aiba et al. 2002; plots 17Q, 17S). In mid-montane forests on Mt Pangrango, Java, the Fagaceae occurred with fewer species, but were also a common component (Yamada 1977). Within-family species richness rapidly declines east of Wallace’s line, but the relatively few species may dominate tree communities in Sulawesi as well as in New Guinea. In New Guinea, a single species, Castanopsis acuminatissima, locally forms pure stands in lower to mid-montane elevations (Soepadmo 1972; Johns

et al. 2007). The Podocarpaceae are important components of tropical and southern hemisphere moist forests, with their species density centre in Southeast Asia and Australasia, but extending also into the tropical American and African highlands (de Laubenfels 1988). While many species have a broad elevational range (de Laubenfels 1988; Keßler et al. 2002), the family is particularly well represented and may gain Fludarabine supplier community dominance in upper montane mossy forests (Culmsee et al. 2010) and on ultramafic soils (Aiba et al. 2002; Proctor 2003). The community dominance of the conifer families in the upper montane forests in Sulawesi reflects the situation observed in other high mountains of Malesia, especially in Borneo and New Guinea (Grubb and Stevens these 1985; Aiba and Kitayama 1999; Johns et al. 2007). Compared to upper montane forests at Mt Kerigomna and 20 other high mountains in New Guinea (Grubb and Stevens 1985), the upper montane forest in Sulawesi shows high similarity not only in the high abundance of Podocarpaceae, but also in the frequent occurrence of several high mountain tree

taxa, such as Daphniphyllum gracile (Daphniphyllaceae), micro- and nanophyllic species of Rapanea (Myrsinaceae), Drimys piperita (Winteraceae), and the Australasian elements Quintinia sp. and Sphenostemon papuanum (Paracryphiaceae). The phytogeography of high mountain forests of Sulawesi in the Malesian context A survey of plant species diversity and endemism across five major Malesian islands has indicated that vascular plant diversity and the rate of plant species endemism (12%) in Sulawesi were relatively low and did not reflect the long-term isolation of the Thiazovivin ic50 island (Roos et al. 2004). Considering the relatively small regional data set of 71 species identified to valid species names in the present study, the rate of 20% endemics is substantially higher. Cannon et al.

PubMedCrossRef 6. Lippert FK, et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 10. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 2010,81(10):1445–51.PubMedCrossRef 7. Mokashi SA, Schmitto JD, Lee LS, Rawn JD, Bolman RM, Shekar PS, Couper GS, Chen FY: Ventricular assist device in patients

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I, Haverich A: Placement of two implantable centrifugal pumps to serve as a total artificial heart after cardiectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011. 11. Coskun KO, Popov AF, Schmitto JD, Hinz J, Kriebel T, Schoendube FA, Ruschewski W, Tirilomis T: Extracorporeal circulation for rewarming in drowning GDC 941 and near-drowning pediatric patients. Artif Organs 2010,34(11):1026–30.PubMedCrossRef 12. Coskun KO, Coskun ST, Popov AF, Hinz J, El-Arousy M, Schmitto JD, Kececioglu D, Koerfer R: Extracorporeal life Branched chain aminotransferase support in pediatric cardiac dysfunction. J Cardiothorac Surg 2010, 5:112.PubMedCrossRef 13. Koster RW, et al.: European Resuscitation

Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 2. Adult basic life support and use of automated external defibrillators. Resuscitation 2010,81(10):1277–92.PubMedCrossRef 14. Hwang SO, et al.: Compression of the left ventricular outflow tract during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med 2009,16(10):928–33.PubMedCrossRef 15. Weale FE, Rothwell-Jackson RL: The efficiency of cardiac massage. Lancet 1962,1(7237):990–2.PubMedCrossRef 16. Delguercio LR, et al.: Comparison of blood flow during external and internal cardiac massage in man. Circulation 1965,31(SUPPL 1):171–80.PubMed 17. Paradis N, et al.: Coronary perfusion pressure and the return of spontaneous circulation in human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 1990,263(8):1106–13.PubMedCrossRef 18. Sayre MR, et al.: Part 5: Adult basic life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 2010,122(16 Suppl 2):S298–324.PubMedCrossRef 19. Kundra P, Dey S, Ravishankar M: Role of dominant hand position during external cardiac compression. Br J Anaesth 2000,84(4):491–3.PubMed 20. Handley AJ: Teaching hand placement for chest compression–a simpler technique.