Table 2. At the end of the experiment, pharyngeal excretion in the control group was significantly higher than in the vaccinated groups. When evaluating pharyngeal excretion, best protection seemed to occur for group 2 as bacterial excretion was no longer observed from day 17 PC until euthanasia. All other groups were still excreting living Cp. psittaci via the pharynx until the end of the experiment. In group 2, 100% of the animals remained positive until 11 days PC, while bacteria were still present in the pharynx of all turkeys (100%) of groups 1 and 3 at 23 and 21 days PC, respectively. Thus, regarding pharyngeal chlamydial shedding,

the best protection seemed to occur for the polyplex IM group and protection for the plasmid IM group and the polyplex

AE group was comparable. In general, cloacal shedding in the control Alisertib supplier find more animals was higher than in the vaccinated groups. Cp. psittaci shedding is known to occur intermittently and statistics revealed no differences for cloacal shedding between the vaccinated groups. However, based on the results in Suppl. Table 2B, best protection seemed to occur for groups 2 and 3 as faecal excretion in all turkeys (100%) was only observed until 13 days PC, while cloacal shedding in all turkeys (100%) of group 1 was again observed at 23 days PC. Three weeks following priming, total IgG (H + L) MOMP specific serum antibodies were still absent (data not shown). One and a half week following booster immunisation (4.5 weeks of age), MOMP-specific serum antibodies were present in one out of four (25%) turkeys of group 2, and

in one out of six (17%) turkeys of group 3 (Table 3). At that time, antibodies were still absent in animals of group 1. Two and a half weeks post-booster immunisation (5.5 weeks of age), three out of four (75%) animals of group 1 and all animals (100%) of groups 2 and 3 had MOMP-specific serum antibodies. These observations suggest superior immunisation of the polyplex groups. At that time, mean serum antibody titres were highest for groups 2 and 3 group, but statistics revealed no significant differences Atazanavir between the vaccinated groups. In general, antibody responses, as determined in an ELISA with homologous rMOMP, were weak. Animals were challenged at 5.5 weeks of age and subsequently, all turkeys of the control group showed a primary immune response upon infection. Two weeks PC (7.5 weeks of age), the mean MOMP-specific serum antibody titre of group 2 had increased 4-fold, indicative for a secondary immune response upon challenge. At that time, the mean MOMP-specific serum antibody titres of groups 1 and 3 had increased only 1.7 and 1.3 times, respectively. Three and a half weeks PC (9 weeks of age), the mean MOMP-specific serum antibody titre of group 2 had increased further, although only 2.7-fold, whereas for groups 1 and 3, mean serum antibody titres increased 6.9 and 4.2 times.

This finding may demonstrate that based on the juxtaposition of astrocytes with brain blood vessels, astrocytes may be better positioned to respond to the anti-inflammatory effects of SFN. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence to suggest that dietary broccoli influences GFAP. In light of this, it would be interesting to further examine the effects of feeding a broccoli-supplemented diet to mice on changes in surface

expression of glial reactivity markers selleck compound library in primary culture. This has been tested to some extent with SFN, but to our knowledge, not with dietary broccoli. We also observed evidence of microglia or perivascular macrophage reactivity. Increased expression of the genetic marker for microglia/macrophage activation, CD11b, was expectedly increased in animals treated with LPS. Expression of CD11b was unaffected by diet, suggesting that neither microglia nor brain resident macrophages were responsive to the beneficial effects of a broccoli diet in our model. This was surprising, given that microglia and macrophages are robust producers of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during inflammatory stimulation. However, these cells are also quite sensitive to LPS-induced inflammation, and the dose of LPS used STA-9090 may have overwhelmed the beneficial

effects of dietary broccoli. These data indicate that gliosis induced by a peripheral stimulus is aggravated by age and that dietary broccoli may reduce aging-associated glial reactivity. The fractalkine ligand (CX3CL1) and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) is an important regulatory system for tempering the microglial response after activation from endogenous and exogenous immune stimuli. Indeed, mice with a genetic deletion of CX3CR1 have an exaggerated

microglial for inflammatory response and increased duration of sickness behavior compared with wild-type mice. CX3CR1 knockout mice have a similar response to LPS treatment as to that observed in aged animals [28], [43] and [44]. In addition, it has been demonstrated that LPS decreases CX3CR1 at both the mRNA and protein level in microglia [28]. We observed an LPS-induced decrease in CX3CR1 expression in our model that was prevented in aged animals given LPS and fed broccoli diet. These data suggest that aged animals that consume dietary broccoli may have suppressed microglial activation compared with animals that do not consume broccoli in the diet and therefore may have improved long-term brain health, for example, improved neuron survival and increase in neurogenesis, when confronted with infectious disease due to potential suppression of microglial hyperactivity that has been described in aged mice [28] and [45].

For both of

the above extreme, opposite cases, there is a distinct correlation between wave height/period and mixing depth. The relevant figures, based on numerous investigations conducted at various sites, can be found in Ciavola et al. (1997). Available results of investigations also show that the mixing depth in the surf zone R428 is a weakly increasing function of sediment size for a breaking wave height of < 1.5 m (see Ciavola et al. 1997 and Saini et al. 2009). Investigations carried out by the latter authors confirmed the strong dependence of the parameter k on the cross-shore profile shape and its minor dependence on sediment features. Quite unexpectedly, however, k has been found to oscillate within a small range from 0.22 to 0.26 for a wide variety of sediments (from sand to pebbles) in both stormy and non-stormy conditions. From the geomorphological point of view, Boldyrev (1991) distinguished three major types of beach/dune shores displaying features of the dynamic layer: • Erosive shores, with a considerable deficiency of sandy sediments, the absence of foredunes or the presence of narrow and low-crested foredunes, a narrow beach zone at the backshore (maximum 20–25 m1), a foreshore with no bars or 1–2 bars at most and a 0.4–1 m thick dynamic layer at the shoreline. This dynamic layer disappears near the shoreline, often at depths of no more than 3–4 m. Without doubt,

the dynamic layer is also observed on cliff shores. Further, the notion either of the dynamic layer takes on a particular significance on the shoreface of a cliff, BTK inhibitor chemical structure whether active or dead. The presence of sandy (Holocene) sediments at the toe of a cliff (built of deposits older than the Holocene) makes the nearshore zone shallower and causes wave energy to dissipate as a result of breaking and bottom friction at greater distances from the shoreline. In such a situation, the cliff slope is not threatened by marine erosion and a stable beach can exist in front of the cliff, which increases the shore’s value as a tourist amenity and makes

it useful for recreation and coastal water sports. Most frequently, however, cliff shores have very narrow beaches at their toes or do not have beaches at all. The example of a dynamic layer in front of a cliff at Gdynia-Oksywie (Poland – KM 90.9)3 (see Figure 1 for the location of the site) is shown in Figure 2, after Frankowski et al. (2009). Knowledge of the features of the dynamic layer, a most important aspect of coastal geomorphology, is crucial not only for scientific investigations of nearshore lithodynamic processes but in the planning of many coastal engineering ventures as well. Knowledge of the local parameters of the coastal dynamic layer appears to be necessary with regard to artificial shore nourishment and the design of coastal protection structures.

, 2012 and Tuschl et al., 2009). In this respect 3D liver culture appears to be a more suitable model than hepatocytes sandwich cultures for drug metabolism studies over long periods of time. In our study we normalized the obtained data from the functional characterization of the cells to the number of the plated hepatocytes and the amount of secreted albumin, since we wanted to study the stability selleck products of the culture over time and therefore performed serial measurements out of the same culture well. We were aware that this type of normalization of our data can potentially cause

errors coming from the fact that e.g. not 100% of the cells will adhere to the scaffold after seeding and some of the cells will be detached/dead from the tissues over time of culture. Therefore, to overcome this problem, all the results NU7441 in vivo obtained were normalized relative to the time-matched controls within one experiment performed on the same 3D liver culture. Using immunochistochemistry we confirmed that the different hepatic cell types, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, HSC and endothelial cells are present in 30-day-old human 3D liver cultures, with a sustained ratio between PC/NPC of 60%/40% similar to the cell proportions found in the original liver tissue

(Dash et al., 2009). Kupffer cells represented 12.5% of NPC, leading to the conclusion that HSC and endothelial cells may account for ~ 27.5% of NPC in a 30-day-old human culture. These cell proportions are very similar to the physiologically cell proportions in BCKDHA the native liver (Dash et al., 2009). Confocal microscopy of the 3D liver tissues after immunohistochemistry with cell type specific markers demonstrated

that the greatest portion of NPC such as Kupffer cells, HSC and endothelial cells were localized on the bottom of the tissue, whereas the hepatocytes were found mainly in the upper tissue layers. This was not surprising given the fact that NPC were seeded first on the scaffold following inoculation of hepatocytes one week later. We demonstrated that 3D liver cells, similarly to other cell culture models such as hepatocyte-sandwich cultures form bile canalicili-like structures when grown on the 3D nylon scaffold (Tuschl et al., 2009). The function of bile canaliculi is the collection and transportation of the bile secreted by hepatocytes into the biliary tree, the gall bladder and the small intestine for the emulsification of dietary fat and lipophilic vitamins (Tuschl et al., 2009). To find out whether the HSC in the 3D liver tissue have quiescent or activated phenotype, we performed immunochistochemistry analysis using alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody, a marker of activated-HSC (data not shown). We found no tissue staining using α-SMA antibody, demonstrating that HSC in the 3D liver model were in quiescent state.

The tubes were incubated at 37 °C for 15 min, and the absorption at 505 nm was measured in a cuvette. The following buffers were used in the assays: 0.1 M acetic acid/NaOH Compound Library cell line (pH 4.5, 5.0 or 5.5),

0.1 M MES/NaOH (pH 6.0, 6.5 or 7.0) and 0.1 M HEPES/NaOH (pH 7.5, 8.0 or 8.5). The blanks were prepared using heat-inactivated samples (2 min in boiling water). Isomaltose was assayed at pH 6.5 using this protocol. For calculations, a standard curve was obtained with different quantities of glucose dissolved in 10 μL of water and reacted with 1 mL of PAP reagent according the method above described. Five insects were dissected in 0.9% (w/v) NaCl. Each intestine was cut into four pieces (anterior midgut, middle midgut, posterior midgut

and hindgut), which were transferred to four different micro centrifuge tubes containing 500 μL of 0.9% (w/v) NaCl and 1% (v/v) Triton X-100. After homogenization, the tubes were centrifuged at 14,000×g for 10 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was used in the assays. Maltose or trehalose were used as substrates and assayed as described in Section 2.3.2 at pH 6.5 and pH 6.0, respectively. The samples were prepared as described in Section 2.2.3 and assayed using maltose (pH 6.5) or trehalose (pH 6.0) as substrates according the methodology described in Section 2.3.2. To investigate whether the enzymes are bound to intestinal microvilli, the larval microvilli were purified according to the method of Abdul-Rauf and Ellar (1999). Sixty larvae were dissected in 0.9% saline (w/v), the luminal content Thymidine kinase Selleck NVP-LDE225 was discarded, and the midgut walls were washed and transferred to 40 μL of an ice-cold MET solution (300 mM mannitol, 5 mM EGTA, 17 mM TRIS-base/HCl, pH 7.5) in a micro centrifuge tube. The midguts were manually homogenized with an abrasive glass microhomogenizer for 15 min in an ice bath, and the volume was brought to 100 μL with the same solution. One hundred microliters

of ice-cold 24 mM MgCl2 was added to this preparation and the tube content was mixed and separated into two aliquots of 100 μL each. After 20 min on ice, one of the aliquots was centrifuged at 2500×g for 15 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was collected in another tube, and the pellet was rehomogenized in 100 μL of a fresh ice-cold MET/MgCl2 (1:1) solution and centrifuged. After repeating this procedure three times, the supernatants were mixed and centrifuged at 25,000×g for 30 min at 4 °C. The pellet, enriched with microvillosites, was dissolved in 100 μL of MET/MgCl2 (1:1) containing 1% Triton X-100 (v/v). Triton X-100 was also added to the non-centrifuged aliquot to a final concentration of 1% (v/v) and mixed. Both the centrifuged and non-centrifuged aliquots were centrifuged at 14,000×g, and the supernatants were used for the assays.

These samples were processed in the same manner as real samples. The quantification limits, measured as average blanks plus six standard deviations of the average blanks) were 10–50 pg g−1 d.w.−1 for organochlorine compounds and 80–220 pg g−1 d.w.−1 for PAHs. Recoveries of individual compounds were in the 75–105% range, while relative standard deviations varied from 9 to 25% of average recoveries (triplicate analyses). Analyses of certified reference sediment material (IAEA-383) were

AZD6244 concentration routinely included in each batch of samples to monitor procedural accuracy. The low accuracy of naphthalene, acenapthene and acenaphthylene mean that these analytes were excluded from the list of the PAHs studied. The following PAHs were measured: Fluorene (FLN), Phenanthrene (PHE), Anthracene (ANT), Fluoranthene (FLT), Pyrene (PYR), Benzo(a)anthracene (BAA), Chrysene (CHR), B(b+k)fluoranthene (BKF), Benzo(a)pyrene (BAP), Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DBA), Benzo(ghi)perylene (BP) and Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IND). The PCBs included CB 28, CB 52, CB 101, CB 118, CB 138, CB 153 and CB 180. Individual component measurement uncertainty was calculated from 5 replicate analyses of compounds in certified reference material. The measurement uncertainties ranged from 10.75% (CB 180) to 23.26% (CB28) for individual PCBs and from 7.43% see more (FLT) to 27.27% (DBA) for individual PAHs. Seafloor sediment dynamics modulate contaminant accumulation on continental shelves. The historical

reconstruction of contaminant supplies to the western Barents Sea was obtained by converting sediment depth to time using 210Pb derived sedimentation velocities (Zaborska

et al. 2008). This enabled an average age to be assigned Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II to the individual sediment depth intervals in each core. The temporal pattern of POPs preserved in these sediment layers should reflect the dual influences of varied contaminant supplies over time and post-depositional sedimentary reworking and mineralization. Sediment mixing through physical and/or biological mechanisms was observed at three of the four stations sampled in this investigation (Table 1). Sediment disturbance was most pronounced at station VIII. This station is located in the Kvitøya Trench, which serves as a conduit of material to the central Arctic Basin (Vandieken et al. 2006, Carroll et al. 2008b). At both southern stations (I and IV), sediment mixing is pronounced in the upper 2 cm. This depth interval corresponds to a time period of approximately 40–60 years. The profile of organic contaminant concentrations with depth at station III provides an accurate historical record owing to the negligible influence of sediment mixing at this location. PAH concentrations (Σ12 PAH) measured in surface sediments ranged from 35 ± 18 ng g−1 d.w−1 to 132 ± 66 ng g−1 d.w−1 (Table 2). Surface sediment concentrations were lowest at northern stations – 35 ng g−1 d.w−1 (III) and 51 ng g−1 d.w−1 (VIII) – compared to southern stations – 132 ng g−1 d.w−1 (I) and 103 ng g−1 d.

A pathologic evaluation of target biopsies showed 11 patients with neoplasia, which was detected by both techniques in 4 patients, whereas only 4 cases were detected using NBI endoscopy alone and ATM/ATR targets 3 cases using white light endoscopy. Van den Broek and colleagues38 also reported that 11 of 16 (69%) neoplastic lesions were detected by white

light, whereas NBI endoscopy detected 13 of 16 (81%) cases (nonsignificant differences). Efthymiou and colleagues42 reported that when using chromoendoscopy, 131 lesions (92%) were detected as compared with 102 lesions (70%) with NBI (P<.001); the median number of lesions detected per patient was 3 with chromoendoscopy and 1.5 with NBI (P = .002). NBI magnification, however, was not used in these clinical studies. The authors, thus, have continued to study the use of magnifying endoscopy

with NBI in their unit in Hiroshima (Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). The authors think that it is possible that the reported results in the literature were negative because of the difficulty to accurately discriminate between active inflammation and neoplasia. The authors also studied other potential advantages of the use of NBI magnification. Bisschops and colleagues40 reported that the withdrawal time for NBI was significantly shorter than that of CE, although NBI endoscopy and CE showed equivalent dysplasia detection rates. Pellisé and colleagues37 reported that NBI endoscopy had a significantly inferior false-positive biopsy www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html rate and a similar true-positive rate compared with CE. It has been reported that the magnified observation of UC using NBI is useful to discriminate between dysplastic/neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions and to guide for the necessity of performing a target biopsy.

East and colleagues found that dysplasias were seen as darker capillary vascular patterns. Matsumoto and colleagues36 reported that the tortuous pattern of capillaries determined by NBI endoscopy might be a clue for the identification of dysplasia BCKDHA during surveillance colonoscopy for patients with UC. The authors have previously reported the clinical usefulness of NBI magnification for the qualitative diagnosis of sporadic colorectal lesions by the combined evaluation of both surface pattern and microvessel features.55 The surface pattern is thought to be more useful for endoscopic findings because inflammation causes the structure of microvessel features to become disordered. AFI is a novel technique that uses a short-wavelength light to excite endogenous tissue fluorophores that emit fluorescent light of longer wavelength. AFI highlights neoplastic tissue without the administration of exogenous fluorophores as described earlier in UC.43, 44 and 45 AFI images of UC lesions can be classified into 4 categories: green, green with purple spots, purple with green spots, and purple. The strength of the purple staining in AFI images of UC lesions is related to the histologic severity.

The system will predict and visualize indices such as the occurrence of rip currents, the degree of beach inundation and the magnitude of dune erosion, and will enable the amount of material eroded from the shore

zone and the quantity see more of suspended particulate matter in the water to be estimated. The results of Xbeach model simulations are analysed with the threshold parameters of SatBałtyk indices in order to assess the forecast threat to the shore zone. Apart from the visualization of the forecasts of the several indices on a public website, a ‘storm effect data base’ will also be set up as part of this system. This will store information, which can subsequently be used for making further, more detailed analyses of particular phenomena.

A test system is at present being constructed with reference to a 14 km long section of dune shore on the western Polish coast, including the Dziwnów Spit (Figure 12). In later stages of the project, depending on the availability of data, it is anticipated that the system will include shore sections along the Lake Kopań Spit, at Sopot and along the Hel Peninsula. We regard the present state of advancement of our work on the construction of the final version of the SatBałtyk Operational System for the remote monitoring of the Baltic Sea as satisfactory. It is already possible to make effective use of this system for estimating current values and for forecasting within a certain range selected biotic and abiotic characteristics of this sea. This has been demonstrated by our research Venetoclax manufacturer results to date, including our estimates of various characteristics of the Baltic environment given in this article. The preliminary results of the empirical validation of the entire algorithm are described. To this end, the magnitudes of ecosystem parameters determined using the algorithm OSBPL9 with data from AVHRR (NOAA 17, 18, 19), SEVIRI (Meteosat 9) and MODIS (AQUA) satellites are compared with the magnitudes of the same parameters recorded at Baltic in situ measurement

stations. The relevant errors have been calculated from these comparisons in accordance with arithmetic and logarithmic statistics (Table 1). At the current stage of development of the SatBałtyk algorithm for the Baltic, these errors, typical of remote, spatial estimates, can be regarded as fairly satisfactory. Nevertheless, in order to reduce them, improvement of all the components of this complex algorithm will continue. This series of two papers presents only the possibilities of investigations of Baltic environment with the use SatBałtyk operational system. In the paper were described the exemplary results for selected situations mainly for April 2011. The analyses of seasonal changes of different parameters of Baltic ecosystem are in progress and will be presented soon.

1). The incubations

proceeded for 1 h, at 37 °C. Four readings of each concentration were recorded at intervals of 60 s at 37 °C and 450 nm with constant stirring at 600 rpm in a UV/visible HP 8453 spectrophotometer. The absorbance used to calculate the Trichostatin A molecular weight enzyme activity was the average per min of these 4 readings. The concentrations of protein samples were evaluated using the Bradford method (1976) before the enzyme evaluations because all of the enzyme activities were reported in terms of μmol/min/g of protein. Calpain activity in the chicken brain and neuroblastoma cells was analyzed as described elsewhere (Emerick et al., 2010), but before the assay, tissue homogenate was incubated with mipafox (0.01 mM) or (+)-methamidophos (10 mM) or (−)-methamidophos (100 mM) for one hour, at 37 °C. CaCl2 in a concentration of 4 mM was added in the follow proportion: 1 g of tissue or 1 ml of cells (1 × 107/ml)/0.01 ml of OP in ethanol/1 ml of CaCl2. The concentrations of OPs used were based on the NTE inhibition with concentration for each compound Src inhibitor causing at least 80% NTE inhibition. Inhibitor concentrations capable of inhibiting 50% of enzyme activity (IC50) were determined using the equation of the line graph of the log of % activity versus the concentration of inhibitor (semilog plots). The semilog plots

are not shown to avoid repetitions of results. The regression coefficients of these lines were calculated using the method of least squares. Differences in biochemical CYTH4 analyses were examined for statistical significance by one way ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) followed by Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. These tests were performed in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 for Windows. The definition of significance was p < 0.05 for all statistical analyses. All biochemical data are presented as the averages of three samples done in triplicate (n = 3). All biochemical data are expressed as means ± the standard deviation (SD). Control values for NTE and AChE activities

in hens and humans are presented in Table 1. All of the coefficients of variation remained below 20%. AChE activity was not evaluated in the hens’ erythrocytes because a previous study showed that this activity could not be detected (Wilson and Henderson, 1992). The potencies of the isomers of methamidophos against NTE and LNTE differed. The inhibition curves of NTE in hens and humans are depicted in Fig. 2A, C, E and G and IC50 values are reported in Table 2. These data indicate that the (+)-methamidophos form was a more potent inhibitor of NTE than the (−)-methamidophos form. The (−)-methamidophos isomer exhibited an IC50 value approximately 5.6 times greater than did the (+)-methamidophos isomer for the LNTE activity of hen and approximately 4 times that observed for the inhibition of human LNTE activity. The percentage activity versus inhibitor concentrations exhibited high inverse regression coefficients for all NTE activities ( Table 2).

Here we restrict our investigation to SST, sea ice, and wind speeds. Pressure plays a modest role in the air–sea flux and the differences among the reanalysis products is relatively small. Wind stresses are critical drivers of the circulation patterns and vertical processes, but they operate in complex ways and much of their influence is reflected in the

SST. Beginning with the high latitudes, the Antarctic basin exhibits a very large range of estimated fluxes from the different reanalysis products (Fig. 5), with NCEP2 producing a much lower sink than the other reanalyses. The NCEP2 selleck kinase inhibitor reanalysis coincidentally has the highest SST (>1 °C higher than the lowest from ECMWF), and the highest wind speeds (1.4 m s−1 higher than the lowest, represented by NCEP1), as seen in Fig. 6. The higher temperature from NCEP2 coupled with stronger winds is consistent with stronger outgassing of CO2 in the Antarctic, which would produce a reduced basin scale sink, as observed here. In buy Entinostat the northern high latitudes, MERRA forcing produces the weakest sinks, which correspond with relatively low wind speeds (Fig. 9). MERRA

winds are >1 m s−1 lower than the highest winds in both the North Pacific and North Atlantic. These low winds in MERRA are consistent with reduced exchange of pCO2 with the atmosphere and result in reduced sinks of atmospheric carbon. The relatively from high SST of MERRA may also play a role in weakening the North Atlantic fluxes. Similarly, we note that the strongest sinks in the North Atlantic are produced by NCEP2 and NCEP1. NCEP2 has the strongest winds, while NCEP1 has the lowest SST’s.

The tropical basins produce the largest range in air–sea carbon fluxes among the 4 reanalysis products (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). The most notable divergences are NCEP2 (strongest source) and MERRA (weakest source) in the Equatorial Pacific. NCEP2 SST and wind speeds are both the largest of the reanalyses (Fig. 10). NCEP2 SST is >1 °C higher than the lowest (ECMWF, although NCEP1 and MERRA are consistent to within 0.03 °C), and NCEP2 wind speed is 0.9 m s−1 higher than the lowest, represented by NCEP1. These high SST’s and wind speeds can be associated with stronger outgassing as observed in the fluxes. The converse is true as well: NCEP1’s and MERRA’s weaker winds produce lower fluxes, despite high pCO2 than the data (Fig. 7). A similar series of observations occur in the Equatorial Atlantic, with NCEP2’s stronger representation of a source to the atmosphere (Fig. 5) is associated with the highest SST and wind speed (Fig. 10).